Privacy Law in the UK

screen neareousness in the UKDefinition of loneliness try out T. Cooley provided the earliest and one of the guilelessst definitions of screen, defining it as the unspoilt(a) to be left(p) alone.1 However, throughout the years, many different definitions have come about in a more positive light rather than a negative, overmuch(prenominal) as, the right to be able to communicate information freely or simply, to keep such information to ourselves. The Younger Committee Report2 followed on from calculate Cooley concluding that thither was no satisfactory way of beginning to set up hiding, nevertheless, the Calcutt Committee Report went further and mentioned that it would however, be possible to define it licitly and went on to adopt this get along in their first report regarding silenceThe right of the individual to be fostered against intrusion into his personal look of affairs, or those of his family, by direct fleshly gist or by issuing of information.3The Calcu tt Committee then issued a further Report in response to Lord Chancellors part for Infringement of solitude to which had criticised English fairness declaring, it had not adequately protected the secrecy of individuals to which they called for an immediate need for nigh form of privacy legislation in the UK.4 The UK Government then followed on from previous renders at defining what privacy consists of, stating both individual has a right to privacy comprisingA right to be free from badgering and molestation andA right to privacy of personal information, communications and documents.5Yet, in this day in age, privacy is still perhaps the more or less touchy to define, as the definitions of privacy can vary depending on the context and surroundings that it is used in. As in various countries, the concept of privacy has been integrate with data protection, which can interpret privacy in the terms of a management of personal information. However, it can also be frequently see n as a way of drawing the line at how far rules of order can flare up into a persons affairs. Robert Ellis Smith, the editor of the Privacy Journal define privacy asthe desire by each of use for physical space where we can be free of interruption, intrusion, embarrassment, or accountability and the attempt to control the time and manner of disclosures of personal information about ourselves.6To which Edward Bloustein to an period agreed with this, mentioning that privacy is an interest of the human personality, as it can protect the inviolate personality, the individuals independence, dignity and integrity. 7 Therefore, it can be think that, though there are various different interpretations of privacy, it can prove difficult to define, and arrest just one particular(prenominal) meaning for it that can relate to everyone. However, most of the definitions pay close attention to the interests of human personality, as advantageously as, deciding where to draw the line at how far society can intrude into a persons undercover affairs.Why do we need Privacy?Every person needs some sort of privacy, whether that be for their physical, mental, emotional or spiritual wellbeing. So much so, that it is well established that everyone is actually empower to a degree of privacy in their lifetime. Although, it has not been a important and enforced right in English law, the need for some sort of individual privacy legislation has been often recognised. However, the Younger Committee concluded that a general privacy legislation would create a volume of uncertainty, so instead of developing a general right for privacy, they took the approach thatthe best way to ensure regard for privacy is to provide specific and effective sanctions against clearly defined activities which unreasonably frustrate the individual in his search for privacy.8However, it can be argued that without central rules on privacy, it would be much easier for individuals to gain private information on various others, as well as, it would also be difficult for prosecutions against individuals that invade the privacy of others. 9Privacy in the UK There is no freestanding right to privacy in the UK, with the courts repeatedly stating that English law knows no common law tort of attack of privacy.10 As an alternative, the cause of action for breach of confidence has been extended to extend misuse of wrongful dissemination of private information. 11 However, expansion of the law in this area has occurred throughout the years.The earliest example in the UK of protecting an individuals privacy is seen in Thompson v Stanhope,12 where an injunction was granted by the court preventing and halting the manation of private letters that were sent from Lord Chesterfield to his son, by his widow. However, this case was followed by various other cases, such as Prince Albert v Strange, 13 where the Prince sought to restrain publication of otherwise unpublished private etchings and other lis ts of works by Queen Victoria, to which were obtained by an employee to whom Price Albert had trusted. This case provides a good simile of how the right to confidence protects privacy. Although the right to privacy was not recognised at the time, it was argued on behalf of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert that they had a right to keep private the art works that they had commissioned for their personal enjoyment. Ruling in save of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, the court heldEvery man has a right to keep his own sentiments, if he pleases. He has certainly a right to judge whether he will make them public or grade them only to the sight of his friends.Whereas the court further held that the publication of the etchings invaded the Royal Familys right to privacy, in the sense of a right to control ones possessions and enjoy them. much developments in UK privacy were issued in the case of Malone v Metropolitan law of nature Commissioner, 14 Malone held that his right to privacy w as breached by the Metropolitan Police by means of interception of his telephone calls. He claimed that the police interception of his phone calls had been unlawful on the evidence that it concerned itself with breach of confidence, trespass and an unlawful interference with his privacy. However, the case was fired by Sir Robert Megarry, statingEnglish law did not entertain actions for interference with privacy unless the interference amounted to one of the established causes of actions in tort or equity.15Though, Malone appealed to the ECtHR that a breach of Article 8 had occurred, to which the court found in privilege of Malone and this decision influenced a response by the UK Parliament in regards to Interception of communication theory Act 1985 and Police Act 199716 which was introduced to control telephone interceptions. 17This decision was after echoed in the case of Wainwright Anor v Home Office, 18 where Lord Hoffmann cut a great danged in the courts attempting to fash ion a tort ground on the unjustified invasion of privacy. He however, preferred the idea that fantan should legislate for such protection since there will invariably be exception and defences.How the Law has authentic due to the introduction of the ECHR?What is in the public interest is not the same as what is of interest to the public, to which, in simple terms the court will balance a persons right to a private and family life against the medias right to freedom of expression. This is an area of the law that has developed significantly following the incorporation of the European Convention on benignant Rights into UK law in 1998.Bibliography Cooley TM, A Treatise on the Law of Torts, Or, The Wrongs Which Arise indie of adopt (1st edn, Callaghan 1879) 29Smith RE, Ben Franklins web site Privacy and low density from Plymouth rock to the internet (Privacy Journal 2000) 7Crystal G, Protecting your privacy (Civil Rights Movement, 2000) accessed 04 January 20171 Thomas M. Cooley, A Treatise on the Law of Torts, Or, The Wrongs Which Arise Independent of Contract (1st edn, Callaghan 1879) 292 Department of National Heritage, Younger Committee Report on Privacy (Cmnd 5021, HMSO 1972)3 Department of National Heritage, Calcutt Committee Report on Privacy and Related Matters (Cm 1102, HMSO 1990) 74 Department of National Heritage, Calcutt Review of Press Self-Regulation (Cm 2135, HMSO 1993)5 Department of National Heritage, Parliament Privacy and media intrusion The Governments response to the House of common land National Heritage Select Committee (Cm 2918, HMSO 1995)6 Robert Ellis Smith, Ben Franklins web site Privacy and curiosity from Plymouth rock to the internet. (Privacy Journal 2000) 77 Edward J. Bloustein, Privacy as an fount of human dignity An answer to Dean Prosser (1964) 39.6 N.Y.U. L. Rev 962 1007 http//heinonline.org/HOL/Page? adhesive friction=hein.journals/nylr39div=71start_page=962collection=journalsset_as_cursor=0men_tab=srchresults accessed 05 January 20178 Department of National Heritage, Younger Committee Report on Privacy (Cmnd 5021, HMSO 1972)9 Garry Crystal, Protecting your privacy (Civil Rights Movement, 2000) accessed 04 January 201710 OBG Ltd v Allan Douglas v Hello Ltd 2007 2 WLR 920, 272. invite also Wainwright v Home Office 2004 2 AC 406.11 Campbell v MGN Ltd 2004 2 AC 457 B McDonald, Privacy, Princesses, and Paparazzi (2005-2006) 50 New York Law School Law Review 205, 232. See also Hosking v Runting 2005 1 NZLR 1, 23-53.12 (1774) Amb. 73713 1849 EWHC Ch J2014 1979 Ch 3441516 Police Act 1997 Part III17 Malone v United res publica 1984 ECHR 8691/7918 2003 UKHL 53

The Widening Scope Of Information Systems Information Technology Essay

The Widening Scope Of education Systems randomness applied wisdom EssayIn this literature review work has been carried out in my chosen field by concerning distinct books, electronic journals and other entanglement resources to conduct this literature review.Introduction to education engine populateThe term growing engine room is widely used to describe an industry in naive realism by data technology I mean the use of different hardwargon and software for protecting, assembling, utilizing and controlling tuition. The use of computers and different software for training management is in any case refers as MIS, management entropy system or just selective education system in different companies. Large companys MIS are responsible to carry out following activities-Storing informationProtecting informationProcessing the informationTransmitting the information as necessaryRetrieving information as necessaryTo accomplish its complex task Information technology department is required to utilize computers, computers, servers, database management systems, and cryptography. The modern IT department would be comprised of several System Administrators, Database Administrators and at least genius Information Technology Manager. Normally the whole team is suppose to report to the Chief Information Officer (CIO).Source MSc Information Systems Computing. in style(p) Theory Meets Latest Technology. www.Brunel.ac.uk/ISThe widening scope of information systemsAccording to Lauden Laudon,( 2004) The widening scope of information system is the saucy relationship surrounded by institution and information system, in that location is a growing interdependence between business strategy, rules and procedures, on one hand and information system software, hardware, database and telecommunications on another. A change in any of these components often requires change in other component. These relationships become decisive when management plan for future. What a bus iness would like to do quintet course of instructions often depends on what its systems will be able to do. change magnitude market share becoming high-quality or low - salute procedure, developing new procedures and increasing employee productivity depends much on the kinds and quality of information systems in the presidency.A second change in relationship between information system and organization results from the growing reach and scope of system projects and application. structure and managing system today involves a much larger part of the organization than it did in the past .as the tight become more like digital potents the system enterprise extends to customer, vendors and even industry competitors. where early systems produced largely skillful changes that effected only a a couple of(prenominal) people in the firm .contemporary systems have been bringing about managerial changes (who has what information about whom when, and how often)and institutional core chan ges (what product and services are produces ,under what conditions ,and by whom)as companies move towards digital firm organization ,nearly all the firms managers and employees as Ill as customers and vendors-participates in a variety of firm systems tied together by a digital information meshing. for instance ,what a customer does on a firms web site can trigger an employee to make an on the contend pricing decision or alert a firms suppliers of potential convey out situations.Approaches of TechnologyLauden Laudon,( 2004) has presented two b sufferes to describe IT systems -Technological approach the scientific approach to information system emphasizes mathematically, based models to study information system, as Ill as the physical technology and ceremonial capabilities of these systems. The disciplines that contribute to the skilful approach are computer science, management science and operations research. data processor science is concerned with establishing theories of computability, methods of efficient data storage and access .management science emphasizes the development of models for decisions making and management practice. Operations research focuses .on mathematical techniques for optimizing selected parameters of organization such as transportation, inventory control and transaction cost.Behavioral approach an pregnant part of the information systems field is concerned with behavioral issues that spring in the development and long term maintains of information systems. Issues such as strategic business integration, design, implementation, utilization and management cannot be explored usefully with the method used in the technical approach .other behavioral disciplines contribute of the essence(predicate) concepts and method. I-E sociologist study information system with eye towards how groups and organization shape the development of system and also how system affects the individuals groups and organizations. Psychological study inform ation systems with an fire in how humans decision maker perceive and use formal information. Economist study information system with an interest I what pretend system have on control and cost structures within the firm and within markets. (Lauden Laudon)The behavioral approach does not ignore technology .indeed information system technology is often the stimulus for a behavioral hassle or issue .but the focus of this approach is generally not on technical solution .instead in concentrates on change in status ,management and organization policy and behavior .IT Production Global marketInformation technology is software producing sector, hence it possess greater potential for brightening up the economy of any country. It is evident fact that IT has a unique cost structure, I all are aware of the fact that producing information is an pricy act but reproducing information in extremely inexpensive. This leads towards attaining extraordinary economies of outstrip and increasing re turns to investment. Tremendous export opportunity exists in world orbicular market for this labor intensive industrys products. This industry has rapidly found a place in global market and progressively increasing its share. From 1997 the information technology has expanded its market has significantly. International penetration of software exports is anticipate to increase by 200 percent over the coming few years. Offshore tailored applications and packaged applications to the United States and Europe will be influential factors that supported and lead this exploitation, USs market place possess more than half of the consulting chances. Due to soft nature of domestic markets, several IT firms examine to get place in international market.Presently in the midsection East, most IT spending goes to Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) (about 60-70%). Somewhere between $ 100-200 million is also spent by GCC countries alone a year on ERP. Moreover, Customer Relationship Management (C RM) solutions have become an important and critical success factor in this business CRM applications are judge to witness a sharp rise in the next few years, especially among banking, telecomm, and utilities sectors (American Chamber 2000). There exist a large room for capitalist and opportunist to take considerable advantage of current situation. It is also counted among very important industries in the Indian economy. The IT industry of India has registered huge growth in recent years. Indias IT industry grew from 150 million US Dollars in 1990-1991 to a whopping 50 billion UD Dollars in 2006-2007. In the last ten years the Information Technology industry in India has with child(p) at an average annual rate of 30%.Source Nagla Rizk , 2001, Information Technology and Growth publication of The American University in Cairo web source http//www.luc.edu/orgs/meea/volume4/RizkRevised.htm)

Strategies for Welding Aluminium

Strategies for conjoin atomic number 13CHAPTER 1 launching1.1 INTRODUCTION OF THE FSW TECHNIQUEIn todays humourrn world there atomic number 18 nearly(prenominal) opposite join techniques to join everyoys. They go from the conventional oxyacetylene torch weld to optical maser join. The two general categories in which all the types of conjoin give the gate be divided is coalition join and unshakable relegate conjoin.The coalition join answer involves chemical substance bonding of the admixture in the liquid stage and whitethorn necessitate a filler solid much(prenominal) as a consumable electrode or a spool of fit out of the filler genuine, the touch on whitethorn ebulliently need a squashy ambience in order to void oxidation of the molten metal, this could be achieved by a flux material or a dull flub shield in the weld zone, there could be need for adequate surface dressings, examples of partnership conjoin ar metal electroneutral gas join (MIG), tungsten muddy gas weld (TIG) and laser welding. There argon m some(prenominal) disadvantages in the welding techniques where the metal is het up(p) to its thaw temperatures and let it solidify to path the occasion. The thawing and solidification ca consumptions the machinelike properties of the weld to deteriorate such as offset ductile strength, wear down strength and ductility. The disadvantages also include porousness, oxidation, micro requisition, hot pass and other(a) micro morphological defects in the sound out. The process also limits the gang of the metals that mess be conjugate beca wont of the different thermal coefficients of conductivity and elaboration of different metals.The solid state welding is the process where coalescence is produced at temperatures below the melting temperatures of the undercoat metal with out any need for the filler material or any inert ambience beca example the metal does non reach its melting temperature f or the oxidation to expire, examples of solid state welding ar detrition welding, explosion welding, influence welding, hot embrace welding and ultrasonic welding. The collar all- grand(a) parameters time, temperature and pressure individually or in combinations produce the joint in the free radical metal. As the metal in solid state welding does non reach its melting temperatures so there are fewer defects ca utilise payable to the melting and solidification of the metal. In solid state welding the metals world joined retain their original properties as melting does not occur in the joint and the mania affected zone (HAZ) is also precise small compared to fusion welding techniques where much than or less of the deterioration of the strengths and ductility begins. discordant metals can be joined with ease as the thermal elaboration coefficients and the thermal conductivity coefficients are less significant as compared to fusion welding.Friction compel welding (FSW) is an upgraded version of rubbing welding. The conventional clang welding is done by moving the parts to be joined relative to each other along a common embrasure also applying compressive forces across the joint. The frictional heat generated at the interface payable to rubbing softens the metal and the soft metal gets extruded ascribable to the compressive forces and the joint gains in the clear material, the relative motion is stopped and compressive forces are change magnitude to form a sound weld before the weld is tolerateed to cool.Friction stir welding is also a solid state welding processes this rummy upgradation of friction welding was invented in 1991 in The dyers mignonetteing Institute (TWI) 4. The process starts with clamping the plates to be welded to a backing plate so that the plates do not fly a instruction during the welding process. A rotating wear resistant dig is plunged on the interface between the plates to a predetermined information and mo ves fore in the interface between the plates to form the weld. The advantages of FSW technique is that it is environment friendly, vim efficient, there is no necessity for gas shielding for welding Al, mechanized properties as proven by exhaust, tensile tests are excellent, there is no fume, no porosity, no spatter and low shrinkage of the metal due to welding in the solid state of the metal and an excellent way of association miscellaneous and previously unweldable metals.1.2 ALUMINUM ALLOYS AND WELDING OF ALUMINUM ALLOYS aluminium is the most abundant metal available in the earths crust, steel was the most used metal in 19th century that Aluminium has become a strong competitor for steel in plan applications. Aluminium has galore(postnominal) attractive properties compared to steel it is economical and versatile to use that is the reason it is used a lot in the aero infinite, automobile and other industries. The most attractive properties of aluminium and its alloys which make them qualified for a entire variety of applications are their light weight, appearance, frabricability, strength and corrosion resistance. The most important property of aluminum is its ability to change its properties in a very(prenominal) versatile manner it is amazing how much the properties can change from the keen aluminum metal to its most complicate alloys. There are more than then a couple of hundreds alloys of aluminum alloys and umteen are world modified form them internationally. Aluminium alloys call for very low minginess compared to steel it has almost one ternions the density of steel. priggishly treated alloys of aluminum can resist the oxidation process which steel can not resist it can also resist corrosion by water, table salt and other factors.There are many different methods available for fall in aluminum and its alloys. The endurance of the method depends on many factors such as geometry and the material of the parts to be joined, postulate strength of the joint, permanent or dismountable joint, number of parts to be joined, the aesthetic appeal of the joint and the serve conditions such as moisture, temperature, inert atmosphere and corrosion. join is one of the most used methods for aluminum. Most alloys of aluminum are easily weldable. MIG and TIG are the welding processes which are used the most, save there are some problems associated with this welding process like porosity, lack of fusion due to oxide layers, incomplete penetration, cracks, inclusions and undercut, however they can be joined by other methods such as resistance welding, friction welding, stud welding and laser welding. When welding many physical and chemical changes occur such as oxide frame of music, dissolution of heat issue in molten aluminum and lack of color change when heated.The formation of oxides of aluminum is because of its strong affinity to oxygen, aluminum oxidizes very apace after(prenominal) it has been exposed to oxygen . Aluminum oxide forms if the metal is joined using fusion welding processes, and aluminum oxide has a naughty melting point temperature than the metal and its alloys it egotism so it results in incomplete fusion if present when joined by fusion welding processes. Aluminum oxide is a electrical insulator if it is two-ply enough it is capable of pr blushting the emission which starts the welding process, so special methods such as inert gas welding, or use of fluxes is necessary if aluminum has to be welded using the fusion welding processes.Hydrogen has lavishly solvability in liquid aluminum when the weld pool is at high temperature and the metal is still in liquid state the metal absorbs lashings of hydrogen which has very low solubility in the solid state of the metal. The trapped hydrogen can not escape and forms porosity in the weld. All the sources of hydrogen has to be eliminated in order to get sound welds such as lubricants on base metal or the filler material, moistu re on the surface of base metal or condensations interior the welding equipment if it uses water cooling and moisture in the shielding inert gases. These precautions require considerable pretreatment of the usagepiece to be welded and the welding equipment.Hot cracking is also a problem of major concern when welding aluminum, it occurs due to the high thermal expansion of aluminum, large change in the volume of the metal upon melting and solidification and its un proper(postnominal) range of solidification temperatures. The heat treatable alloys cast off greater amounts of alloying elements so the weld crack sensitivity is of concern. The thermal expansion of aluminum is twice that of steel, in fusion welding process the melting and cooling occurs very fast which is the reason for residual stress preoccupancys.Weldability of some aluminum alloys is an issue with the fusion welding processes. The 2000 series, 5000 series, 6000 series and 7000 series of aluminum alloys see diffe rent weldabilities. The 2000 series of aluminum alloys have poor weldability chiefly because of the cooper content which causes hot cracking and poor solidification microstructure and porosity in the fusion zone so the fusion welding processes are not very suitable for these alloys. The 5000 series of aluminum alloys with more than 3% of Mg content is susceptible to cracking due to stress parsimony in corrosive environments, so high Mg alloys of 5000 series of aluminum should not be exposed to corrosive environments at high temperatures to avoid stress corrosion cracking. All the 6000 series of aluminum are quick weldable but are some times susceptible to hot cracking under legitimate conditions. The 7000 series of aluminum are both weldable and non-weldable depending on the chemical composition of the alloy.Alloys with low Zn-Mg and Cu content are promptly weldable and they have the special ability of recovering the strength lost in the HAZ after some weeks of storage after th e weld. Alloys with high Zn-Mg and Cu content have a high tendency to hot crack after welding. All the 7000 series of aluminum have the sensitivity to stress concentration cracking.All these problems associated with the welding of these different alloys of aluminum has lead to the comement of solid state welding processes like Friction Stir Welding technique which is an upgraded version of the friction welding processes. This process has many advantages associated with it, and it can weld many aluminum alloys such as 2000 and 7000 series which are troublesome to weld by fusion welding processes. The advantages of the Friction Stir Welding processes are low distortion even in long welds, no fuse, no porosity, no spatter, low shrinkage, can operate in all positions, very energy efficient and excellent mechanical properties as proven by the fatigue, tension and bend tests.1.3 Conventional Welding Processes of AluminumA brief description of the most common processes, their applicatio ns on aluminum and limitations are given below.1.3.1 Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW)In gas tungsten firing welding process the heat generated by an arc, which is retained between the workpiece and a non-consumable tungsten, electrode is used to fuse the joint area. The arc is uphold in an inert gas, which serves to protect the weld pool and the electrode from atmospheric taint as shown in Figure 2.3.The process has the by-line featuresIt is conducted in a chemically inert atmosphereThe arc energy density is comparatively highThe process is very controllableJoint quality is ordinarily highDeposition rates and joint completion rates are low.The process may be applied to the joining of a wide range of engineering materials including stainless steel, aluminum alloys and reactive metals such as titanium. These features of the process lead to its widespread application in aerospace, nuclear re affect and might generation industries as well as in the fabrication of chemical process plant, food processing and brewing equipment.1.3.2 Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)Shielded metal arc welding has for many historic period been one of the most common techniques applied to the fabrication of steels. The process uses an arc as the heat source but shielding is provided by gases generated by the decomposition of the electrode stopping point material and by the slag produced by the melting of mineral constituents of the coating. In addition to heating and melting the parent material the arc also melts the core of the electrode and thereby provides filler material for the joint. The electrode coating may also be used as source of alloying elements and additive filler material. The flux and electrode chemistry may be formulated to stay wear- and corrosion-resistant layers for surface protection as shown in Figure 2.4.Significant features of the process areEquipment requirement are simpleA large range of consumables are availableThe process is extremely portableThe o perational major power is lowIt is labor intensive.For these reasons the process has been traditionally used in structural steel fabrication, shipbuilding and heavy engineering as well as for small batch production and maintenance.1.3.3 Plasma weldingPlasma welding uses the heat generated by a constricted arc to fuse the joint area the arc is formed between the tip of a non-consumable electrode and either the work piece or the constricting nozzle as shown in Figure 2.5. A wide range of shielding and cutting gases is used depending on the sensory system of operation and the application.In the normal transferred arc mode the arc is maintained between the electrode and the work piece the electrode is usually the cathode and the work piece is connected to the positive side of the power supply. In this mode a high energy density is achieved and the process may be used effectively for welding and cutting.The features of the process depend on the operating mode and the current, but in su mmary the plasma process has the sideline characteristicsGood low-current arc stabilityImproved directionality compared with GTAWImproved melting efficiency compared with GTAWPossibility of keyhole weldingThe keyhole technique is the high heat concentration can penetrate completely through the joint.These features of the process make it suitable for a range of applications including the joining of very thin materials, the encapsulation of electronic components and sensors, and high- amphetamine longitudinal welds on strip and pipe.1.3.4 Laser weldingThe laser may be used as an alternative heat source for fusion welding. The focused power density of the laser can reach 1010 or 1012 Wm-2 and welding is often carried out using the keyhole technique.Significant features of laser welding areVery confined heat source at low powerDeep penetration at high power decreased distortion and thermal damageOut-of-vacuum techniqueHigh equipment greetThese features have led to the application of leaders for micro joining of electronic components, but the process is also being applied to the fabrication of automotive components and clearcutness machine tool parts in heavy section steel.1.4 Weld Defects using Conventional ProcessesBecause of a history of thermal cycling and nonessential micro structural changes, a welded joint may develop certain(a) discontinuities. Welding discontinuities can also be caused by inadequate or careless application of established welding technologies or substandard slattern cooking. The major discontinuities that affect weld quality are described below.1.4.1 porosityTrapped gases released during melting of the weld area and trapped during solidification, chemical reactions during welding, or contaminants, cause porosity in welds. Most welded joints contain some porosity, which is generally spherical in fake or in the form of extensive pockets. The distribution of porosity in the weld zone may be random, or it may be concentrated in a ce rtain region. Porosity in welds can be reduced by the following(a) methodsProper selection of electrodes and filler metals.Improving welding techniques, such as preheating the weld area or increasing the rate of heat input.Proper cleaning and preventing contaminants from entering the weld zone.Slowing the welding speed to allow time for gas to escape.81.4.2 impurity inclusionsSlag inclusions are compounds such as oxides, fluxes, and electrode-coating materials that are trapped in the weld zone. If shielding gases are not effective during welding, contamination from the environment may also contribute to such inclusions. Welding conditions are important, and with proper techniques the molten slag volition ramble to the surface of the molten weld metal and not be entrapped. Slag inclusions may be prevented byCleaning the weld-bead surface before the near layer is deposited by using a hand or power wire brush.Providing adequate shielding gas.Redesigning the joint to permit suffici ent space for proper manipulation of the puddle of molten weld metal.1.4.3. Incomplete fusion and penetrationA better weld can be obtained byRaising the temperature of the base metal.Cleaning the weld area prior to welding.ever-changing the joint design and type of electrode.Providing adequate shielding gas.Incomplete occurs when the depth of the welded joint is insufficient. Penetration can be improved by change magnitude the heat input.Lowering travel speed during welding.Changing the joint design.Ensuring that surfaces to be joined fit properly.81.4.4 Weld profileWeld profile is important not only because of its effects on the strength and appearance of the weld, but also because it can indicate incomplete fusion or the figurehead of slag inclusions in multiple-layer welds. Under filling results when the joint is not change with the proper amount of weld metal Figure 2.7. Undercutting results from melting away the base metal and subsequently generating a groove in the shape of recess or notch. Unless it is not deep or sharp, an undercut can act as a stress raiser and reduce the fatigue strength of the joint and may lead to premature failure. Overlap is a surface discontinuity generally caused by poor welding practice and selection of the wrong materials. A proper weld is shown in Figure 2.7c.51.4.5 CracksCracks may occur in various locations and direction in the weld area. The types of cracks are typically longitudinal, transverse, crater, and toe cracks Figure 2.8. These cracks generally result from a combination of the following factorsTemperature gradients that cause thermal stresses in the weld zone.Variations in the composition of the weld zone that cause different contractions.Embitterment of grain boundaries by segregation of elements, such as sulfur, to the grain boundaries as the solid-liquid boundary moves when the weld metal begins to solidify.Hydrogen embitterment.Inability of the weld metal to contract during cooling is a situation similar t o hot tears that develops in castings and related to excessive restraint of the work piece.(a) crater cracks. (b)Various types of cracks in butt and T joints.8Cracks are classified as hot or cold cracks. Hot cracks occur while the joint is still at elevated temperatures. Cold cracks develop after the weld metal has solidified. Some crack prevention measures areChange the joint design to minimize stresses from shrinkage during cooling.Change welding-process parameters, procedures, and sequence.preheat components being welded.Avoid rapid cooling of the components after welding.81.4.6 Lameller tearsIn describing the anisotropy of plastically deformed metals, we stated that because of the alignment of nonmetallic impurities and inclusions (stringers), the work piece is weaker when tested in its thickness direction. This condition is particularly evident in rolled plates and structural shapes. In welding such components, lamellar tears may develop because of shrinkage of the members in t he members or by changing the joint design to make the weld bead penetrate the wearer member more deeply.81.4.7 Surface damageDuring welding, some of the metal may spatter and be deposited as small droplets on adjacent surfaces. In arc welding possess, the electrode may inadvertently contact the parts being welded at places not in the weld zone (arc strikes). Such surface discontinuities may be objectionable for reasons of appearance or subsequent use of the welded part. If severe, these discontinuities may adversely affect the properties of the welded structure, particularly for notch-sensitive metals. Using proper welding techniques and procedures is important in avoiding surface damage.81.5 Skill and Training requirementsMany of the traditional welding processes required high levels of operator scientific discipline and dexterity, this can involve wooly training programs, particularly when the procedural requirement described above need to be met. The newborner processes can o ffer some reduction in the overall skill requirement but this unfortunately been replaced in some cases by more complex equipment and the time involved in establishing the process parameters has brought about a reduction in operating factor. Developments, which seek to simplify the operation of the equipment, will be described below but effective use of even the most advanced processes and equipment requires appropriate levels of operator and support staff training. The cost of this training will usually be recovered very quickly in improved productivity and quality.1.6 Areas for developmentAdvances in welding processes may be justified inIncreased deposition rate bring down cycle timeImproved process controlReduced reinstate rateReduced weld sizeReduced joint preparation timeImproved operating factorReduction in post-weld trading operationsReduction in potential safety hazardsRemoval of the operator from unsettled areaSimplified equipment setting.Some or all these requirement ha ve been met in many of the process developments which have occurred in the ten long time these will be described in detail in the following chapters but the current trends in the of this applied science are examined below.1.7 New processesThe primary coil incentive for welding process development is the need to improve the correspond cost effectiveness of joining operations in requirement for new processes. Recently, concern over the safety of the welding environment and the potential shortfall of skilled technicians and operator in many countries have become important considerations.Many of the traditional welding techniques described in this Chapter are regarded as costly and hazardous and it is possible to improve both of these aspects significantly by employing some of the advanced process developments described in the following chapters.The use of new joining techniques such as Friction Stir Welding appears to be increasing since it does not involve melting. The application o f these processes has in the bypast been restricted, but with the increased recognition of the benefits of automation and the requirement for high-integrity joints in newer materials it is envisaged that the use of these techniques will grow.This is a new process originally intended for welding of aerospace alloys, especially aluminum extrusions. Whereas in conventional friction welding, heating of interfaces is achieved through friction by rubbing two surfaces, in the FSW process, a third body is rubbed against the two surfaces to be joined in the form of a small rotating non-consumable tool that is plunged into the joint. The contact pressure causes frictional heating. The probe at the tip of the rotating tool forces heating and mixing or stirring of the material in the joint.1.8 Research objectivesThe objectives of our project are toAdopt FSW to a mill about machine throw the FSW tools, select its material and have it manufacturedDesign the required clamping systemApply FSW to plates of an alloy that is not readily weldable by conventional methodsInvestigate FSW parameters (RPM, Feed Rate and Axial force)Analyze conventionally welded and Friction Stir welded sections then compare their properties.The objective of this research is to characterise the mechanical properties of friction stir welded joints and study the micro structure of the base metal and the weld nugget evolved during the friction stir welding of similar and dissimilar alloys of Aluminum.Aluminum 2024 and 7075 are considered for this investigation. The mechanical properties such as ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, formability, ductility and vickers hardness are measured and an effort is do to find out a relation between the process variables and properties of the weld. The best process parameters for the Friction-Stir welding of AA2024 and AA7075 will be defined based on the experimental results.Having understood the significance of FSP, the main objective of this thesis is to go over the effect of process parameters like rotational and translational speeds on the forces generated during FSP of aluminum alloys and relate these forces with the microstructure evolved in order to optimize the process.The specific objectives of the work presented areDesign and conduct FS processing experiments on aluminum alloy for different combinations of rotational and translation speeds.Measuring the generated processing forces during FSP of aluminum alloysExamine the microstructural of the touch on sheets using transmission electron microscope (TEM).Attempt to establish a correlativity between these measured forces and the resulting microstructure.Chapter 2 Review of Literature2.1 General idea of the Friction Stir TechnologyThis section gives an insight into the innovative technology called friction stir technology.The action of rubbing two objects together do friction to provide heat is one dating back many centuries as stated by Thomas et.al 1. The principles of t his method now form the basis of many traditional and novel friction welding, go up and processing techniques. The friction process is an efficient and controllable method of plasticizing a specific area on a material, and thus removing contaminants in preparation for welding, surfacing/cladding or extrusion. The process is environmentally friendly as it does not require consumables (filler wire, flux or gas) and produces no fumes. In friction welding, heat is produced by rubbing components together under load. Once the required temperature and material deformation is reached, the action is terminated and the load is maintained or increased to create a solid phase bond. Friction is ideal for welding dissimilar metals with very different melting temperatures and physical properties. Some of the friction stir technologies are shown in the Fig.2-1.Work carried out at TWI by Thomas et.al 2,3 has demonstrated that several alternative techniques exist or are being developed to meet the r equirement for consistent and reliable joining of mass production aluminum alloy vehicle bodies. Three of these techniques (mechanical fasteners, lasers and friction stir welding) are likely to make an impact in industrial processing over the next 5 years. FSW could be applied in the manufacture of straight-line welds in sheet and extrusions as a low cost alternative to arc welding (e.g. in the fabrication of truck floors or walls). The development of robotized friction stir welding heads could extend the range of applications into three dimensional components.Mishra et.al 4 extended the FSW innovation to process Al 7075 and Al 5083 in order to render them superplastic. They observed that the grains obtained were recrystallized, equiaxed and homogeneous with average grain sizes

Accounting for Individuality

Accounting for IndividualityKadejia JacksonPeppers-BatesUtilitarianism and deontology contrast on mevery ethical principles. Utilitarianism is agent-neutral disregarding individual preferences, whereas deontology is agent-relative and takes a soulfulnesss preferences into account. Utilitarianism also has a broad finishing to maximize well-being and inferior while deontology fall by the waysides honourable lasts to be driven by soulfulnessal interest and adepts protest deterrent example principles. Utilitarianism is not agent-relative, unlike deontology, instead it is agent-neutral which makes functionals to overlook individual interest and judging in favor of maximizing overall utility. Utilitarianism does not account for the clean-living individuality of slew. A utilitarian, unlike a deontologist, would earlier father soul do something they dislike for the prospect of the good while a deontologist would allow a soulfulness to consider their own interests and accou nt for other options in the moral decision reservation. In this paper, I will be tell the opinions of utilitarianism and deontology on the points of specific obligations, options and coercets, topics seen in deontology, and how the lack of these point in utilitarianism cause it to be pingd by deontologist.In rate to grasp the difference in which these two moral standards view people as individuals, its important to get wind the basis of these theories. Starting with utilitarianism, this approach determine well-being or utility. The overarching goal of this approach is to lead a life where cumulated decisions are made in the effort to maximizing utility. This approach also hold individuals to be wanted the same. Since no one person is valued more than another, a utilitarian could be seen to value the many over the few if doing so would shine more utility. This particular view is criticized by deontology for not considering a persons own interest and personal values.While on the subject of deontology, its important to complete that deontology is an agent-relative approach and, unlike Utilitarianism, does recognize individual interest. Each of us is chastely permitted to give special weight to our own interests, comely because they are ours (McNaughton and Rawlings 35). A point made in deontology is that a person has special obligations or responsibilities to people they hold close and value more than others. Deontology also gives the mind of cons agreets that people hold because individuals can have different moral principles that nurture them from making morally impermissible decisions. A deontologist can be limit by the principle that killing is wrong and should never be do and in a quandary where killing is a factor, the deontologist would uphold that principle. A utilitarian on the other hand would consider killing if doing so would have greater utility that not doing so. The third point in deontology involves options which allows people to not always follow through with actions that could be considered inevitable or actions that maximize utility.Knowing the bases for these theories it could be understandable why deontologist would criticize utilitarianisms powerfulness to understand individual moral differences. From the utilitarian point of view, its supererogatory to have special obligations. Take upgradeing for example, it would be expected that a parent would have an obligation to treat their pip-squeak well because they value their child over others. For a utilitarian, treating children well should not be confined to just that one parents interest because well-being would increase if all children were treated well.another(prenominal) point about special obligations is that not save does it allow one to consider those closest to them in their decision making, having special obligations is seen as having a duty to those whom a person has special relationships. Many people recollect that not only are we permi tted to do more for those close to us, nevertheless we are often required to put their interest first. We owe things to those with whom we have special relationship that we do not owe to strangers (McNaughton and Rawlings 37). So, unlike utilitarianism, deontology potently accounts for individuals relationships with others, especially those close to them.The second point included in deontology is having timiditys. These prohibitions constrain in what we may do to any person, even in rocking horse of good ends (McNaughton and Rawlings 38). As mentioned in the beginning, having constraints allows a deontologist to refrain from committing any act that would not abide by their moral principles. Utilitarianism on the other hand, would commit any act with the reward of maximizing utility. The strength of constraints also vary person to person still they are still something not seen in utilitarianism because an individuals constraints arent taken into account when making utilitari an actions.The final point in deontology, options, could be considered a strong factor that allows moral individuality of people. Options create the ability for different people to make a multitude of different decisions in any given situation because in deontology theyre given the option to do so. In Utilitarianism, the accountability option is the choice you make that accrues the most good. Deontology responds, in a way, to this by giving people choices and ability to consider denary outcomes. Then, with special obligations and constraints taken into consideration, a person is able to make a decision that fits within their parameters rather than the objective decision to benefit the masses.To reiterate, what strongly separates deontology from utilitarianism is the concepts having special obligations, options, and constraints. Deontologists criticize utilitarians for overlooking these points during moral decision making. Utilitarians dont hold special relationships in regard for their actions because, to utilitarians, decisions are not made for those who a person holds close but instead they are made in order to produce the most good. Constraints are also disregarded for utilitarians because if a decision can be made that produces the most good, then that would be the right decision for a utilitarian, even if that decision would normally be irrelevant by a deontologist. Lack of constraints for utilitarians is also criticized by deontologists. Since maximizing utility is the goal for utilitarianism, options are forgone and replaced by the decisions that result in the most utility. Its repayable to this disregard of a persons personal connections, constraints, and options, utilitarianism is criticized for not considering the moral individuality of people.Personally, its vexed to assess which of these approaches are better. Deontology is appealing because it looks at many factors before advent to a decision. When making a decision as a deontologist, a pers on looks at how a decision would affect not only themselves but people they hold close. They would actually put those people before anyone else. A deontologist would also consider their constraints and what they are impulsive and not willing to do in a moral conundrum.On the other hand, utilitarianism values maximizing well-being for not only ones self but in the main for the greater population. It seems more selfless to try to do things to help others rather than yourself when contemplating decisions. Utilitarians also are willing to do things some people may be unwilling or hesitant to do if it would have the opera hat benefit.When contemplating the appeals of both theories, the train track dilemma comes to mind. The train track dilemma has a runaway train that, if a reposition is not pulled, the train could kill louver people. Yet, on the other tracks, where the train will go if the switch is pulled, there lies only one person. The dilemma is then, if placed in this situatio n, whether you should allow the train to move forward and kill the five people, or should you flip the switch and redirect it to the one person.For a utilitarian, the decision is quite an simple. individuals are all worth the same so saving five people would be worth more than saving one person the switch would be pulled. For a deontologist, its harder because a strong deontological constraint is against bump off and to pull the switch would basically be the direct murder of a person. If a deontologist didnt pull the switch, then they would not have broken their constraint and also not directly have killed.Personally, the deontological approach to the dilemma is unappealing. non making a choice can be seen as making a choice in itself. The deontological idea of not pulling the switch leads to five people unwarranted, and in my personal opinion, five people dead is worse than one person dead. Killing may be wrong, but like a utilitarian, its better if a fewer amount of people di e.Although deontology criticizes utilitarianism for lacking the acknowledgement of individual morality, following deontology could possibly lead to worse consequences than following utilitarianism. This is what, in my opinion, make utilitarianism better. My decisions typically revolve around decision the best overall outcome rather than the outcome specifically tailor-made to my interests. Therefore, the theory that prioritizes maximum well-being seems the better of the two.Works CitedMcNaughton, David, and Piers Rawling, Deontology. Ethics in practice an anthology. 4th ed., edited by Hugh Lafollette, John Wiley Sons, 2014, pp. 35-39.

Tourism Policy And Planning In Australia Tourism Essay

touristry insurance And Planning In Australia Tourism seekTourism makes an important contribution to Australias export earnings. The objective of tourism merchandise is not merely to maturation world-wide visitor arrivals, but primarily, to adjoin expenditure injected into Australia on goods and go purchased by tourists. Recently there has been an change magnitude emphasis on the importance of enhancing Australias tourism yield by attracting visitors from high-spending commercializes (sited in the Australian Government 2004 Dwyer et al.2007). To market Australia as a tourist destination, Tourism Australia works closely with the travel diligence, the Government and the State/Territories. The demand pop off for international tourism for a given destination may be expressed as a function of income, prices, and marketing expenditure. Australia has had one of the strongest playing economies of the world. Australia has an effective organization sector, a flexible labour marke t with a very competitive care sector. Such surroundings is a linchpin driver of tourism activity. The policy settings set by the government atomic repress 18 designed to bring through a vibrant tourism sedulousness that makes a strong contribution to the economy. In Australia tourism is increasingly seen as an cats-paw for sustaining indigenous communities, many of whom look to tourism for a better future. The Australian federal, State/Territory governments has sought to create tourism policies to urge on market offshoot and product development in the indigenous sector.On 5 June 2003, the Federal government released a draft medium to long call strategy to help grow a sustainable Australian tourism industry and better position it against future shocks by making it more(prenominal) robust and flexible. Main key themes of the strategy embroil sustainable growth and variegation of the Australian tourism product, and a focus on business yield and niche markets. The shift fr om an emphasis on quantity to bore is important for reducing pressure on infrastructure, protecting the environment, encourage divers(prenominal)ification and product development and improving profitability in the industry. Australian environment is singular from the unspoilt beaches, tropical rainforests, rugged mountain ranges and vast tracts of desert. roughly few examples of Australias natural wonders acknowledge the Great obstacle Reef. The Great Barrier Reef is as big as the total combined flying field of the UK and Ireland which contains more than 1,000 islands, from sandy bays to rainforest isles. The Wet Tropics World heritage Area Tropical North Queensland is the sort of place that someone would exchangeable to travel, it covers 900,000 hectares. The Uluru Ayers Rock is considered one of the great wonders of the world and one of the Australias most recognizable natural icons. Australians care about their unique environment such as sustainable tourism is an import ant grammatical constituent in policy making. The Australian government is committed to and works closely with the tourism industry to deliver an environmentally sustainable and socially responsible tourism product.A substantial contribution to tourism is make by cultural tourism. The experiences generated by Australian performances, visual arts and our heritage are unique. Australias National Tourism Policy the broad mission statement of Australias Federal government in congener to tourism policy is to contribute to Australias stinting and social well be through the development of policies that achieve on internationally competitive tourism sector focused on sustainable growth. In the year 1998 a National Action Plan for Tourism was released by the Federal government to provide direction for tourism policy formulation and industry planning. around of the key objectives of the Plan included developing potential sore and acclivitous markets through targeted marketing strategies . Encouraging the development of efficient and competitive expat networks, Fostering regional tourism development, enhancing industry standards and skill levels, improving the industrys culture base, encouraging the conservation and preservation of Australias unique natural and cultural heritage, encouraging diversification of the industrys product base and reinforcing Australias image as a just and friendly destination. The whole of the government approach pursued in Australia is think to ensure a sound economic foundation that aims to create an optimum policy environment for tourism development.Community involvement is an important factor that is likely to signifi give the axetly influence the sustainability of any tourism development. The involvement of locals in the planning and operational stages dirty dog ensure that development will be socially and environmentally responsible and that resulting impacts will be perceived as appropriate by the host community. Tourism busin esses in Australia will traverse to face a range of short- and long- term external shocks and challenges in major climate change reports. Climate change is an example of a somatic threat to Australias tourism industry. The Australian government should try controlling the number of visitors arriving in Kakadu Park which is a World Heritage site, the government send away either do so by limiting numbers to rival capacity rather than having the tourists concentrated in time in a focused tourist season. The Australian government realized in mid-nineties that tourism was affecting wildlife in the park. A number of bird species including red-winged parrots, second coackatoos and shiny flycatchers were recorded as being highly disturbed when tourist boats passed them.Most activities done at the Great Barrier Reef which is made up of some 600 islands, 300 cay (reef islands) and almost 300 go under reefs. The chef activity on the reef is scuba diving and snorkelling. There is increase in environmental impacts by these human activities which include physical wipeout of reefs by anchors and divers feet and hands. Divers can even cause upon to the coral merely by resting on it, as it so sensitive. some boats end up polluting the water by releasing sewage, furthermore divers feed or touch fish which leads to the modification of fish behavior. The Australian government should have a pandemic preparedness and planning for the Australian Tourism Industry for example an influenza pandemic in Australia would be unlike any other modern disaster and would create new challenges for communities and business that operate within them. Should an influenza pandemic emerge, the tourism industry is likely to be impacted by temporary measures to prevent its infection and spread, such as restrictions on travel, closer of public places, reduced consumer confidence. My ad hominem critique of the policies are by developing potential new acclivitous markets through targeted market ing strategies the Australian government should try improving their international marketing strategies and effectiveness through a greater focus on regional dispersal and by freshing and enhancing the brand Australia. Encouraging the development of efficient and competitive transportation networks can only work if the government helps to facilitate the development and growth of sustainable air, sea and land transport services and key tourism infrastructure.Fostering regional tourism development can be achieved by supporting domestic tourism marketing and doing promotions, which include regional promotions by advertising in the newspapers or television. The policy of enhancing the industry standards and skills levels can be achieved by the government ensuring training delivers skills appropriate for the tourism workforce and businesses and promote improved productivity. Improving the industrys information base can be achieved by improving tourism information, research and forecasts t o more efficaciously serve the needs of industry and government. Encouraging the conservation and preservation of Australias unique natural and cultural heritage policy can be a success if only the Ministry of Tourism in Australia improves Australian knowledge of Australia by encouraging domestic travel.A healthy tourism sector contributes to the economic and social well being of Australians. Major policy challenges for the future include coordination of all levels of government working towards an agreed framework between the several(a) levels of government on the national coordination of tourism development will incite in clarifying the roles and responsibilities between the different levels of government.

Drive a Car, Not a Cell Phone Essay -- Driving Mobile Phone Use

When a number one wood talks and drives they are not only move themselves at risk, they are also putting everyone around them in a dangerous situation (ComparisonMarket.com). A sketch conducted last year by the Virginia Tech Transportation represent, had cameras placed inside(a) one hundred cars and trucks to track drivers activities before a dangerous final result occurred. Research shows users of cell call backs while hotheaded caused far more crashes and adjacent misses than non-users. These statistics do not change even if the hand held device becomes hands free by means of a blue tooth or vocaliser phone. Hands-free cell phones may allow the driver to keep both hands on the wheel however, devices such as headsets or voice activate dialing led to longer dialing times causing the same level of driver distraction. Even though a study released by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety claims bans on handheld cell phones in more states seem to have had no impact o n accident rates, drivers static should not use a hand held phone while driving in the car because car accidents associated with hand held phone use bill for nearly three hundred deaths per year showing cell phone users are four times as likely to get into an elevator car accident serious enough to cause injury.University of Utah psychologists have promulgated a study which highlights drivers talking on handheld or hands-free cellular phones as being impaired on the same level as drunken drivers. In this study each of the tests subjects drove in a driving simulator four times once each while all in all undistracted, using a handheld device, using a hands-free device, and intoxicated with vodka and orange juice up to the legal limit of .08. The simulation had the participants following a ... ...icleid=43812. Jaffe, Eric. Driving While Texting As Bad as Drunk Driving, Says Study. The Infrastucturist. The Infrastructurist, 05 Oct 2010. Web. 22 Nov 2010. http//www.infrastructurist .com/2010/10/05/driving-while-texting-as-bad-as-drunk-driving-says-study/Langer, Gary. Hands Off Public Backs Ban on hand-held electric cell Phones in Cars. abcnews. ABCNEWS Internet Ventures, 22 May 2010. Web. 20 Nov 2010. http//abcnews.go.com/sections/us/dailynews/poll_cellphone010522.html LeBeau, Phil. Want to Stop Texting and Driving? Why Not Jam Cell Phones? cnbc. CNBC, Inc, 30 Sep 2009. Web. 22 Nov 2010. http//www.cnbc.com/id/33090526/Want_to_Stop_Texting_and_Driving_Why_Not_Jam_Cell_Phones. Sedgwick, David. Study Shows Banning Cell Phones In Cars Doesnt Work. AOL Autos. AOL Inc, 29 Jan 2010. Web. 20 Nov 2010. http//autos.aol.com/article/cell-phone-ban-study/.

The Latest Treatment for Migraines :: Health Medical Headaches Essays

The Latest Treatment for Migraines Headaches be among the most greenness health complaints today. According to the National Headache Foundation in Chicago, 45 million Ameri usher outs suffer from recurring headaches16 to 18 million of which are migraines (1). Migraines are vascular headaches because they involve the swelling of the brains blood vessels (2). The occurrence of migraine headaches, contrary to popular belief, is a disease. If you suffer from migraines you might be utilise to people comparing your migraine to a headache or arduous to blame these headaches on you and your lifestyle. However, migraines are caused by the expansion of blood vessels whereas incessant headaches area caused by the constriction of blood vessels. Although certain things such as harsh lighting, movement, or chocolate whitethorn trigger a migraine, the effective cause of this vessel swelling is unknown and may vary from soul to person. Currently, there is no cure for migraine (3). One th eory as to the cause of migraines lies in excitement of the nervous system caused by stress, anxiety, or some unknown (4). A more than recent form of handling known as neurobiofeed cover song actually works by allowing patients to train their brains to bring at a more relaxed mental state. The success of this treatment may indicate that increased neuron activity is one of the more habitual causes of migraines. Neurobiofeedback has been identified as successful for migraines precipitated by PMS, food allergies, or stress. It is non clear exactly how food allergies are related to increased administration activity. Stress, however, regardless of the type, seems to be strongly correlated with migraines as it will gear up the severity of the headache. Neurobiofeedback goes to the root of this problem and, as a result, is one of the more preferred methods of treatment (5). Biofeedback, in general, is a technique in which the bodys responses to particular stimuli are measured in ord er to give patients knowledge rough how they physically react to various events. In the case of headaches, patients can agree their mind or body to react differently to pre-headache symptoms and prevent a headache from occurring (1). Neurobio or electroencephalogram (EEG) feedback, specifically, measures brain wave activity and feeds back to a patient their own brain wave patterns so that they can modify these patterns through game-like computer simulations (6).Why does this work? Brain waves are recordings of electrical changes in the brain.

The Way of Life Frank Represents Compared to Ritas :: Educating Rita Relationships Willy Russell Essays

The Way of Life detent Represents Compared to RitasRita is seeking a better way of living her life and bounder representsthe life style she wishes to live. She understands she is of a workingclass background, and wants to be much cultured. Rita wants moremeaning to her life. She wants to know the right things to say andwhat wine to buy, the image of attributes she admires in Frank, andpeople similar to him. She does non want to be precisely a housewife andmother, the two exact things Denny her husband wants her to be inorder that she fits in with the rest of their society. He tries tocontrol her and prevent her from learning, he burns her books andconstantly nags at her to come off the pill so that she can have achild and settle down, just the alike(p) everyone else they know. Dennysideas are evident when he saysTheres a time for education. An its not when y twenty-six anmarried. Basically she has to make a choice between her education orher family, because as she changes to become a more sophisticated andeducated woman, she widens the breach between her and the people in herold life, them being ignorant and uncultured. graduation exerciseborn of all, it is noticeable that because of Ritas working classbackground, one particular quality of hers is her lack ofself-consciousness, which prevents her from being prudish.This is revealed in Act 1 Scene 1 when Rita comments on Frankspicture on the wallLook at those tits, she says bluntly, within transactions of meeting hernew tutor. Frank, having had a middle class upbringing is embarrassedby her frank observation. He has the good judgment to realise that onfirst being acquainted with someone this kind of comment is not reallyappropriate, whereas Rita is almost like a child, not having theexpected measurement of subtlety and the sense to be discreet. Thesequalities are what hinders Rita from becoming more like Frank.However, it is this type of behaviour which draws Frank to Rita, hefinds her new, unique, and original because she does not make up theunspoken rule of how to behave on meeting a stranger. In Act 1 Scene 1he describes her asThe first breath of air thats been in this room for years.He views his life as dull and stale, Rita stepping in begins to makehis life seem more interesting, she livens it up.On becoming more educated, Rita also has to leave behind a affirmativeaspect of her old life, a close-knit community with close links.

Mary Wollstoncrafts, The Vindication of the Rights of Women Essays

Mary Wollstoncrafts, The Vindication of the Rights of Women Mary Wollstoncrafts book, The Vindication of the Rights of Women, is an incredibly insightful look into the life of women in the early portion of this century. It is a philosophic examination of the condition of women, in relationship to some real primary rights, and is also a very enlightening look at how ill-judged a distance we really have come, as a society, in relationship to our perceptions of women. Wollstoncraft presents herself as an incredibly enlightened individual who looks at her sexual urge as a subject which should be seen as reasonable creatures, or else than brutes or heroines.She begins her book with words which clearly illustrate herconcerns After considering the past page, and viewing the living world with anxious solicitude, the most melancholy emotions of tormented indignation have depressed my spirits, and I have sighed when obliged to oink that either Nature has made a great difference mingle d with man and man, or that the civilization which has hitherto taken place in the world has been very partial. I have turned over discordant books written on the subject of education, and patiently observed the conduct of parents and the prudence of schools but what has been the result?--a profound conviction that the neglected education of my fellow-creatures is the gigabyte source of the misery I deplore, and that women, in particular, are rendered weak and loathsome by a variety of concurring causes, originating from one hasty conclusion.From this draw off we can clearly understand that Wollstoncraft is non merely venting resentment and describing realities that are false. She is not necessarily angry or bitter about the realities she sees before her, but rather, is puzzled and seems determined to somehow understand what it is that causes the realities she sees. plot of ground there is the use of some negative words much(prenominal) as weak and wretched, these are esse ntially words of the time and they only provided the truth of what the author is witness to. Here is a woman who is of patent intelligence who is witness to the misunderstanding that appears to follow all women around. She illustrates that women are denied the top executive to openly obtain a useful education, but rather unploughed ignorant and put upon this undeniable pedestal that insists women do not make to possess such knowledge, for it would lik... ...ook and her attempt to get women to understand, is that women still do not understand the essential root of the problem. While women may be in a position today, where they obtain an education and maintain a very intellectual position, and perhaps even go so far as to find a mate that treats them equally, there are still millions of women who give to be nothing more than a pretty picture for the men. How many a(prenominal) an(prenominal) women spend thousands of dollars to enlarge their breasts? Do they do that so they lo ok snap off in general or do they do this to gain the vigilance of men, in a sexual and reproductive manner? In many ways, Wollstoncrafts is a story of yesterday and today. It is a philosophical approach to the contrariety or the disrespect of men in relationship to women, as hearty as a look into how women see each other and their knowledge gender. It is a very intelligent address on the subject of such realities. One wonders if Wollstoncraft was aware of how relevant her philosophical approach would be 70 years later. Upon reading her book, one would have to say that Wollstoncraft was intelligent abounding to recognize that such realities would never change in such a relatively short period of time.

Identifying QUALCOMM Intellectual Property :: essays research papers

Report on Identifying and Protecting QUALCOMM Inc. Intellectual PropertyIntroductionQUALCOMM Incorporated is a attraction in growth and delivering innovative digital wireless communications outputs and go based on the Companys CDMA digital technology. Headquartered in San Diego, Calif., QUALCOMM has boasted to a greater extent than 3,000 patent portfolios in wireless industry and has licensed its essential CDMA patent portfolio to more than cxxv telecommunications equipment manufacturers worldwide. Under the protection of those IP, QUALCOMM continues to enable the enterprise, network operators and manufacturers, developers and wireless end-users by providing technology innovation and leadership in the telecommunications industry worldwide. This paper will burst you a brief analysis on the key forms of QUALCOMM IP, the potential threats and alike a general framework to effectively address the intellectual property issues and manage the legal IP risks.QUALCOMM originally made its name cognise through pi integrityering and commercializing its CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) digital wireless technology, is now one of the leading enablers of 3G wireless products and services. QUALCOMM spearheads the evolution and growth of 3G wireless by developing CDMA2000 1X, 1xEV-DO and WCDMA (UMTS) chipsets and end-to-end solutions for network operators and equipment manufactures, as well as other participants in the wireless value chain such as applications developers, publishers and content providers. CDMA flora by converting speech into digital information, which is then transmitted as a radio signal over a wireless network. Using a unique code to distinguish each different call, CDMA provides excellent vocalization capacity and data capability by enabling many more people to share the airwaves at the same time---without static, cross-talk or interference. Because of its advantage, CDMA serves as the groundwork for 3G services worldwide. QUALCOMMs major prod ucts and services are generated by triad categories of technologies. First is CDMA2000 1x & CDMA2000 1xEV-DO chipsets and solutions, which provide voice and data capabilities within a measuring rod 1.25 MHz CDMA channel for outstanding spectral efficiency and flexibility. Developed as a direct evolution from the previous generation of proven CDMA systems, QUALCOMMs CDMA2000 technologies provide the easiest, most cost-effective path to 3G services for CDMA operators. The second product the company supplies is Wideband CDMA (UMTS) chipsets and solutions, an approved 3G standard that uses 5 MHz channel for both voice and data. In the area of WCDMA (UMTS) development, QUALCOMM developed the worlds first commercially available, fully integrated WCDMA (UMTS) chipset solutions and now offers complete solutions to fight back high-speed WCDMA (UMTS) networks worldwide.