Environmental protection and the social responsibility of firms: perspectives from law, economics, and business Essay

Responsible businessIntroductionResponsible business concerns itself with allowing and ensuring the application of social and moral principles in business decision making. Through the definitions, the following principles of responsible business can be drawn: Business for profit: When people engage in business, they are expecting to receive profit. The first principle of responsible business lies in the fact that it is just and in fact expected to make profit and for such profits to increase as more experience is gained in business. As such in the pursuit for responsible business, profits should not be left behind or side stepped, strategies employed by business managers, and even mechanisms used in the business need to be directed towards generating profits. The reward for doing business properly lies in the excess returns received from investments on the business. Business ethics: the business operates within the concept of society, plays a part in accentuating the lives of the community. Responsible business calls for businesses to be subjected to a code of conduct. Businessmen are not exempted from being moral even as they pursue the profit. As ethics apply to all areas of life, so the same applies in business. Business needs to be done in as much honesty as is possible. If the business environment is to improve then behavior in business also needs to change and improve. Professional ethics: a responsible business is run under corporate codes. As a business continues to change and the environment within which it operates transforms, it is only responsible for such codes to continually change. Therefore, a business is defined as responsible not just within the code of business ethics but also when it operates through the professional code of ethics governing it. While ethics are general in business, professional ethics are specific and designed for that particular business. Business almost seems to operate under no particular ethics, rules and responsibilities. In many cases business persons are only concerned with the monetary value and nothing else. Responsible business on the other hand adheres to a code of conduct, set forth not just by law and moral values but also by the profession and industry within which the business operates, (Sanford 2011). Scholars agree that businesses can no longer operate as independent entities, existing separately by society. They need to uphold and be held responsible by the society. They exist as part of and in partnership with society and can therefore not ignore the societal responsibilities. Drivers of responsible businessThe natural/ ecological environmentResponsibility to the environment consists of the concern for the interaction between human beings and the natural environment as it exists. The responsibility of businesses to the environment developed as a separate factor in responsible business from the 1960’s. At the time, pictures taken from space showed vulnerability in the existence of earth and its ecosystem. Environmentalists began lobbying that animals, plants and the general ecosystem in itself had value in and of itself. As such demands on various businesses to treat these entities responsible began. The general notion of responsibility to the environment is that if businesses continue exploiting and fail to be responsible towards the environment, it will be completely destroyed and in the process the human race will also be destroyed. In the year 2009, the summit on sustainable development, brought focus to the fact that in another 50 years more than 10 billion people will be existing in the world. This is in addition to the problems currently facing the existence of earth such as rescinding existence of energy, excess carbon and a declining ozone layer (Smith 2010). The summit concluded that there is need for a green revolution to improve the status of the environment. The industrial world, at least a large percentage has failed to uphold its own responsibility towards ensuring a change in the strategies about the use of natural resources, and also the technology used to make use and exploit the natural environment. Sustainable development as responsible businessToday’s businesses are expected and in fact it is demanded of them that sustainability becomes a part of their strategy. The government and even the clients coming to business are looking for more and more evidence that the business is acting responsibly in the environment. According to smith (2010), Customers want to live in a pollution free environment, so businesses whether manufacturing or even service providing have to change the way they operate. In order to maintain a clean environment, businesses require operating with technologies that are clean and also sources of clean energy such as solar rather than coal and oil. Sustainability can be simply defined the ability of the environment to replenish itself and remain healthy for the next generations. Surprisingly by opting to use more environmentally friendly and energy efficient technologies, businesses are able to save on their overhead costs. Recycling: this refers to the ability to re-use raw materials over and over again. The advantage of recycling is that it cuts the amount of raw materials required for products and as such allows the environment to replenish itself. Normally businesses produce a lot of waste some which is very difficult to manage such as plastics. Recycling encourages the businesses to come up with processes that make use of their waste. Newton (2005) states that The concern is mainly for ever filling landfill, and therefore responsible businesses calls for either new and better ways to deposit the wastes or better yet new ways to make use of the waste. Landfills are responsible for methane production which is responsible for climate changes and damage to the ozone layer. In many western countries, recycling is not just a business responsibility but in fact a law that could attract stiff penalties. Competitive advantage: in the past, businesses have made use of Ricardo’s principle which simply encourages cost cutting measures such as cheaper raw materials, labor and even investment of capital. The cost effectiveness produces greater profits for the business. However, Gibson (2005) indicates that recent research and benchmarking with large companies such as Coca Cola and General Motors shows sustainability provides greater advantage. Organizations committed to taking advantage of best practices are also gaining a larger market share. New opportunities for product differentiation: product differentiation offers a chance for businesses to excel beyond their competitors even in the same industry. A product based on sustainability is not only considered a product of high quality but also one that is environmentally friendly and therefore more responsible even for the consumer. The market is gradually shifting from traditional products towards more energy efficient, fuel saving and alternative energy products. Testimony of this lies in the recent increase of interest and growth of the market share for products such as solar panels and energy saving bulbs. Zott (2014) shows that Responsible business in this era therefore translates to product differentiation through: †¢Use of raw materials that have been proven to have less damage to the environment †¢Companies that are setting benchmarks in terms of going beyond what is environmentally compliant. †¢Less and less wastage from the business and more recycling of the same. †¢Reduced emission of toxic wastes from the business. As many environmentalists have shown nature in itself shows the best system of sustainability. Plants for example prosper in sunlight and with sufficient moisture. They are consumed by animals and insects. Through this consumption, the animals produce waste which in turn is used to ensure fertile soils on which more plants are grown. In this same way, human beings and especially businesses are tasked with the responsibility of being eco-friendly that is use, produce, consume and transform waste into something else through recycling. Role of the government in responsible businessThe World Bank report in 2003 on sustainability emphasized the need for more structured and responsible governments to ensure sustainability. The governments are tasked with the responsibility of creating better policies and institutions through which businesses small and large alike can be held responsible. In the past, weak governments and poorly maintained social institutions have turned out to be quite costly to nature and the environment. Weak governance has brought about income inequality, political unrests and environmental disasters, (Hay et al 2005). Governments provide the legal framework through which businesses can be held responsible. Constitutions and laws of a country are often used as the back drop to determine the concern and interest of the government in securing its own environment for example. The legal framework provides laws within which every business should operate. The legal frameworks set forth by each country have been changing constantly, becoming more focused to immediate and more tragic causes of environmental degradation. Through the legal framework for example, majority of the mines and timber yards have been closed and shut down for causing damage to the environment. Governments also put in focus environmental conservation so that the activity is not just being carried out haphazardly. They provide a platform for integrating environmental concerns and responsibility into the economic and social development of the country. Through environmental policies also, there is conservation of critical natural resources. Businesses endangering such resources can face severe penalties through these policies. Governments often partner with businesses to ensure sanctuary of forests, animals that are going extinct among others. Businesses often ignore the importance of contributing to the community within which they operate. The governments of such countries ensure that majority of the profits generated from the business go back to the community. The foremost principle for all governments is increased economic growth, poverty eradication and bridging the social class gap. All businesses operating within the country need to uphold this principle. . In addition, according to Moon (2001), the government ensures that even as businesses operate they do not meddle with the rights of the nation’s citizens. The government gives power and strength to citizens who may feel powerless to fight the businesses and especially the large entities. This is not to mean that the government only has responsibility to consumers, it also ensures that businesses operate in an environment which allows them to flourish and therefore generate profits. ConclusionIt is now obvious that companies that are socially responsible and businesses that adhere to a particular code of doing business have better reputations and therefore a larger market share. The bulk of responsibility lies in the business owners ensuring that they have developed moral responsibility as the back bone on which their decision making is based. Managers and employees then have the duty of protecting the welfare of their consumers and other stakeholders which include the communities they operate within. While the main concern for business is an increase in the profit margin, those that have shown an inclination towards more responsible business strategies have attracted not just a large number of consumers but also investors. People are more interested in ensuring the growth and success of a responsible business especially with more and more of the media focusing on errors and embarrassment news featuring businesses that have failed in their responsibility. Businesses are held up to societal standards and failure to uphold them is frowned upon. Whereas there was a time when businesses could attempt to cut corners in their responsibility, today this is not an option. The government and even citizens are aware that companies and businesses operate with certain expectations and values. Employees and other stakeholders require business to be conducted responsibly. Failure to do so encourages massive labor turnouts as employees seek more sustainable businesses. Responsible business therefore cuts into all corners of conducting business from governing the contracts with clients, to those with suppliers and even the community upholding the business. Responsible business is not just a mirage of expected rules and regulations. Indeed it operates within a justice system through which governments obtain and have the power of demanding responsible business. Responsible business is part and parcel of strategic management. Each decision in the business must reflect the true responsibility and code of ethics of the business. In some cases this may require special attention being paid to particular areas of responsibility. Today, companies are going far and beyond what is expected of them in running business because they understand the importance of taking responsibility to ensure their survival. References Gibson, K. (2007).  Ethics and business: an introduction. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Hay, B. L., Stavins, R. N., & Vietor, R. H. K. (2005).  Environmental protection and the social responsibility of firms: perspectives from law, economics, and business. Washington, DC, Resources for the Future Newton, L. H. (2005).  Business ethics and the natural environment. Malden, MA, Blackwell.Sanford, C. (2011).  The responsible business reimagining sustainability and success. San Francisco, Jossey-Bass Smith, N. C. (2010).  Global challenges in responsible business. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Zott, L. M. (2014).  The environment. Detroit, Greenhaven Press Source document

Allopathic and Naturopathic approaches to Metabolic Syndrome Management â€MS revisited

Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is also called as syndrome X, cardiovascular metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance syndrome. It is a cluster of risk factors associated with an elevated risk of development of Hyperlipidemia (elevated triglycerides and low levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL), hypertension, abdominal obesity, glucose intolerance and concomitant insulin resistance. It develops risk of heart and diabetes disease. Adler,R (2007),The journal of alternative and complementary medicineMany people are suffering with this syndrome which has deadly effects. This is the right time that we seriously look into it and curb the epidemic. Definition of Metabolic syndrome (MetS) itself varies with different agencies. But the symptoms are accepted generally. This dissertation looks into varies definitions, allopathic and naturopathic approaches in dealing with the problem, limitations and further research required. DefinitionThe two important definitions of Metabolic Syndrome are â€Å" Based on the guidelines from the 2001 National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel (ATP III), any three of the following traits in the same individual meet the criteria for the metabolic syndrome: Abdominal obesity: a waist circumference over 102 cm (40 in) in men and over 88 cm (35 inches) in women. Serum triglycerides 150 mg/dl or above. HDL cholesterol 40mg/dl or lower in men and 50mg/dl or lower in women. Blood pressure of 130/85 or more. Fasting blood glucose of 110 mg/dl or above.(Some groups say 100mg/dl) The World Health Organization (WHO) has slightly different criteria for the metabolic syndrome: High insulin levels, an elevated fasting blood glucose or an elevated post meal glucose alone with at least 2 of the following criteria: Abdominal obesity as defined by a waist to hip ratio of greater than 0. 9, a body mass index of at least 30 kg/m2 or a waist measurement over 37 inches. Cholesterol panel showing a triglyceride level of at least 150 mg/dl or HDL c holesterol lower than 35 mg/dl.Blood pressure of 140/90 or above (or on treatment for high blood pressure)† (2002,January 16). Web extension to The Journal of the American Medical Association, Retrieved April 8th, 2008 from the World Wide Web:http://jama. ama-assn. org/cgi/content/abstract/287/3/356 Metabolic syndrome is present in 4. 6 percent of normal weight men, 22. 4 percent of overweight men, and 59. 6 percent of obese men. Distribution of the same is similar with women. In last decade obesity among the adult population has doubled. Approaches of Allopathic and Naturopathic practitioners on Metabolic SyndromeAllopathic and Naturopathic practitioner’s analyze the patient and go through Laboratory findings before going for further diagnosis and treatment. Adler explains â€Å"After a battery of expensive and/or invasive diagnostic tests confirms the obvious diagnosis, six to ten different expensive and potentially hazardous medications are prescribed to treat the d isorders. On the other end of the continuum are a few practitioners whose prescriptions are limited to exercise, stress reduction and dietary modification†. Adler,R(2007),Volume13, 11-12. The journal of alternative and complementary medicineAllopathic practitioners prescribe drugs and balance it for each and every individual nonconformance which causes metabolic syndrome and advises for life style change. Naturopathic practitioners mostly rely on life style changes. Diagnosis systems are same with Allopathic and Naturopathic systems. But when it comes to treatment and specifically on life style changes with diet, there are differences of opinion with individual practitioners. Basically the treatment for metabolic syndrome does not have a sure shot formula; it is mostly dependent on patient cooperation.Hence for a practitioner treating a metabolic syndrome person is an art during clinical intervention. As Sir William Osler said â€Å"†¦ it was more important to know the p atient that had the disease, than to know what kind of disease the patient had†. (24-26, July 2006) The Epoch times Diabetes Diabetes found to be a serious metabolic disease. Especially those consuming western diets, this problem is in higher side. When there is a malfunction in insulin producing beta cells of the pancreas, disordered happens in metabolism of carbohydrate, protein and fats.Due to insulin secretion is very low; cells cannot use the glucose to convert into energy. This glucose circulates in the blood till kidneys excrete. Since the body cannot use glucose available in the blood for converting into energy, it has to burn protein and fat available in the body hence fatigue and weight loss occurs. Type-2 diabetes is associated with metabolic syndrome. Due to age factor the pancreatic function is unable to cope with dietary excess and obesity. In some cases its functions diminishes. Hence an Allopathic practitioner will prescribe drugs and suggest for life style cha nges.Naturopathic practitioner will solely depend on intake of diets, natural supplementary diets and life style changes. Obesity Controlling obesity is important in metabolic syndrome. â€Å"Those who are overweight should shed excess fat and avoid alcohol, white flour products and white rice, as these make insulin less sensitive†. Needes (2002), Page 257, Naturopathy for self healing, B. Jain publishers. â€Å"Any man with a waist greater than 40 inches, or a woman with a waist greater than 35 inches is considered to be at high risk for developing diabetes†. Sethu. S.(Summer 2004), Web extension to Cleveland Clinic Magazine, Retrieved April 8,2008 from the World Wide Web:http://www. clevelandclinic. org/clevelandclinicmagazine_2004/news/syndrome_x. htm Stress Under stress, adrenal hormones induce the release of fat and sugar into the blood which is used for energy. Those who are not able to handle stress and always with unmanaged abnormal stress, the blood sugar rema ins high and release of insulin from pancreas is depressed. The people who practice meditation and yoga are able to control and manage stress very well.It is noted that the persons who change their total life style inclusive of stress management are able to control diabetes than who only change their diets. Stress disrupts normal eating habits. Carbohydrate, Protein and Fat When carbohydrate diets are taken in complex form it breaks into glucose very slowly in the blood. With the continuous conversion of glucose into energy, the sugar level in the blood remains constant. Hence the requirement for insulin becomes lesser. A high complex carbohydrate diet which is high in fiber and low in protein is better than old recommendations of a low carbohydrate, high protein combination.Low protein diet reduces saturated fats and fibre prevents glucose to from releasing quickly. A calorie level which consists of 70-75% complex carbohydrates, 15% protein and 10-15% fats and oils will ensure very high fibre content and reduces the cholesterol levels. Oats, spelt, corn, barley, peas, beans, fruits and vegetables are rich in carbohydrates. Even some high fibre foods are having high glycaemic rate. Hence these should be avoided. It found effective in an attempt to reduce serum cholesterol and triglycerides in type-2 diabetes when they were administered with fish oils.But subsequently blood glucose levels increased and insulin sensitivity decreased. Hence at this moment Fish oils to be avoided for diabetes. Also further studies should be conducted in this regard for better understanding and solution. Meat has more phosphorus and sodium levels. These things should be kept very low for diabetic. Hence meat should be avoided as a protein source. To lessen the kidney damage, protein levels need to be kept low and should not be above 15% of total calories in the diet. Needes (2002), Page 259, Naturopathy for self healing, B.Jain publishers. Moderate exercises improve cholesterol lev els and maintains weight. It increases metabolism, blood circulation and reduces the need for insulin consumption by the body. Fenugreek seeds, dandelion root, Goat’s rue, Blueberries and red gum bark are good for insulin production; strengthen the immune system, cholesterol and triglyceride levels are maintained within acceptable limit. Limitations, Challenges and Further research in metabolic syndrome A single clear solution cannot be arrived because of various factors involved in metabolic syndrome.Even with so much of research in diet for metabolic syndrome, there are differences with practitioners on combination of low and high carbohydrates, proteins and it depends on individuals who have different life style. Further research should give us clear idea of this combination. A common index value to be arrived based on the laboratory findings of triglycerides, HDL, hypertension, abdominal, obesity, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. Based on that index value a sin gle drug with different combinations to be invented to control metabolic syndrome.Research should be carried towards this direction to avoid many treatment aspects involved in MS. Conclusion Till then it is strongly recommended that public should be educated regarding Balanced Glycemic Index (GI) and Glycemic Load (GL) to help in their diet planning to have a better control on their metabolic syndrome. References Codario. A ( 2007),Type 2 Diabetes, Pre-diabetes and the Metabolic Syndrome, Humana Press Inc. US. Needes (2002) Naturopathy for self healing- B. Jain publishers Barker, Meletis (2003) Natural treatment for metabolic syndromeAdler (2007), Volume13, The journal of alternative and complementary medicine. Bray (2007), The Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity, Humana press Inc. US. http://www. aafp. org/afp/20040615/2875. html www. americanwellnessnetwork. com http://www. ahrq. gov/clinic/3rduspstf/physactivity/physactrr. htm. http://www. americanheart. org/presenter. jhtml? identifi er=4756 http://www. clevelandclinic. org/clevelandclinicmagazine_2004/news/syndrome_x. htm http://circ. ahajournals. org/cgi/content/full/109/3/433 http://diabetes. webmd. com/tc/metabolic-syndrome-topic-overview http://www. efluxmedia.com/news_Kids_with_Sedentary_Life_Show_Early_Signs_of_Metabolic_Syndrome_15990. html http://jama. ama-assn. org/cgi/content/abstract/287/3/356 http://longevity. about. com/od/longevityandillness/a/metabolic_syndr. htm http://www. liebertonline. com/doi/abs/10. 1089/act. 2006. 12. 157? journalCode=act http://metabolicsyndrome. about. com/od/nutrition/a/GlycemicIndex. htm http://www. massagetoday. com/archives/2004/09/14. html http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/18370746 http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/metabolicsyndrome. html http://www. nutritionandmetabolism. com/content/2/1/31 http://www. usatoday. com/

Negative and Positive Effect of Using Computers

Using computers everyday can have more, negative than positive effect on young children. Nowadays computer play a crucial role for young generation. Mostly children dependent on computers for multifarious purposes. But some people believe that it cause obstacle between their healthy life and in acquiring practical knowledge. Lets delve deeper into the topic to seek more clarification.Firstly and most commonly,the advanced technology make the people more lethargic. The children spend their leisure time in playing games on computer which cause paucity of interaction with their friends.Because team work is must to interact with the world. While sitting in front of the monitor screen their eye sight effects badly.In addition, numerous children suffered from back pain and obesity problem that occurs due to the lack of physical exercise. This problems have create critical health hazards.Furthermore, The use of computers make the life more fast and easy. Students enhance their knowledge and learn the use of technology.Due to the modern era it is must for the children to keep them-self update. today their is a world of cut throat competition .The computer beneficial to improve the general knowledge and IQ level.It makes the children more occupied in work and its better to stay away from bad habits. In nutshell, It would safe to say the advantages of the computer over weigh the disadvantages.To conclude, computer meant to make live comfortable and easy but people handle that in complex and abusive manner.Its not possible to keep away the children from computers.The children should allow them to use it in the supervision of parents only.â€Å"Using a computer everyday can have more negative than positive effects on children. Do you agree ? Explain your opinion with relevant examples.† In today's technologically developed world, the computer is no longer a luxury, but a staple of everyday life. In personal, professional and academic spheres reliance on the computer is inevitable. Although, some would say that use of a computer at an early age has detrimental effects, I content that its benefits outweigh its risks.The current education system places a great amount of mental pressure on students. Including computer and internet with the studies may make the curriculum  more interactive and interesting. Learning vast syllabus and diverse topics in different areas can often force a student to opt for rote learning without putting stress on their brain, such a method further leads to strait-jacket a child's cognitive skills.In contrast, use of computers and internet for exploring such topics will help them in achieving an in-depth knowledge and understanding from their roots. It can further stemmed to make them a good abstract thinker. It is also worthy to galvanize the use of computer during children's leisure time.There are a galore of   strategy related computer games available in the market. Playing such skill games is a good way of increa sing one's concentration level, boosting self-confidence and improving the one's thinking capability. In today's job market, every single openings comes up with a requirement of mandatory computer knowledge with hands-on training, on the rudiments of computer skills.Having children explored exposed to such skills at an early age would ironically â€Å"ironically† is wrong here prepare them for more profession career. On the other hand, one must not ignore the detrimental effects on health of using computers continuously for extended time periods. Guidance by parents and elders is a must for a child – especially to supervise if â€Å"verify that† sounds better   they are not addicted to any tantalizing, restricted websites that contains in-decenand violent materials. To sum up, I would concede that computer use at an early age is of pinnacle importances and its disadvantages can be easily curbed with proper guidance and constant supervision.Using a computer eve ry day can have more negative than positive effects on children. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. In today's modern world, computers are an essential part of everyday life. Around the globe, children often use computers from a very  young age. Although it is important for children to participate in various well-balanced activities, in my opinion, children who use the computer daily are actually developing a critical skill for future success. The bases for my views are personal, academic, and professional.From a personal point of view, computers are an invaluable resource to help young people explore the world around them. For example, children who use Internet to satisfy their curiosity about diverse topics are already becoming independent learners. No child with a computer is ever bored! By starting early in their lives, children feel totally at ease around computers; they are also able to take advantage of the wide range of services computers provide. From an academic viewpoint, children have no choice but to master this technological invention. For instance, when I was in university, students brought their laptops to class to take notes, do research and exchange information.They wrote assignments, created presentations and developed databases. Children who build early confidence and experience in these abilities are at a distinct advantage over those who have not. From a professional perspective, the computer has found a permanent place in the workplace. Today, employers still pay to provide computer training to their employees. Tomorrow, corporations will expect prospective job applicants to already possess these critical job skills. Consequently, parents who encourage their child to use the computer for a reasonable period of time daily are in fact investing in the child's future career. In conclusion, there is no doubt that the computer as a technological too l is here to stay. The sooner children become computer-literate, the better for many aspects of their future lives.

Summary of the Patterns Movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Summary of the Patterns Movie - Essay Example On the other hand, Ramsey was compelled to enter into an agreement with Staples due to the situation that made him kill Brigg. However, his moral grounds were based on what was best in accordance to nature in the prevailing circumstances. Rationale for Epictetus response to the proposed strategy adopted by Staples The main teaching of Epictetus is on ethics. On his discourse, he lays out his ethical principles, which were formulated in forms of arguments in order to cure human souls (Guthrie 122). In the case of Staples’ proposed strategy, Epictetus could have argued that one has to abandon the attitude of a private individual and fulfill the ideal of a man in a moral progress. In this regard, it is true to argue that Staples ought to have stood on his morals and do what was right without compromising it with the job offered to him by Ramsey. This should also have been in line with what Aristotle argued to be the practice of good actions. Although Staples could have decided to take Ramsey’s offer basing his take of the position by reasoning as a means to living a life of virtue, his caveats seemed to contradict his morals. However, his decision to warn Ramsey about what he felt concerning the death of Brigg was such a good move, which shows his virtues. Nevertheless, Staples can be argued not to be fully committed to his moral virtues. According to Aristotle, moral virtue is constituted by correct action and emotion (Guthrie 130). Although Staples’ emotions symbolizes his true moral virtues, that is, his caveats about his feelings towards Brigg’s death and what he felt about what Ramsey did, his actions were not compatible with that. He was offered a job by Ramsey, and this could have acted as a bribe, which compromised his moral virtues. Aristotle’s point of view on individual change of heart in the business environment was that individuals must make choices that have consequences. For example, these choices should be in line with their impact on the society, if the consequences of bad behavior remove the individual further from achieving and contributing ‘good’ which, by endowment, yields a positivity to humanity, then that choice is uncalled for. It is further believed that ne person’s action can infuse the whole society. It can be argued that Staple’s action to take the job offered by Ramsey could play two major roles. Firstly Ramsey’s deeds could be encouraged as long as Staples accepted the offer of taking the job. This has an implication in that, since the offer was a kind of a deal; Staples could not disclose what happened. This, therefore, means that a culture of impunity would gradually be developed. Secondly, Staples could be compelled to sealing of such deeds even in the future as long as there is a reward offered. According to Aristotle’s concept of telos (end purpose), which articulates on the professional practice of public administration, the good life for each person is based on the move towards the perfection (Haskins 120). In this regard, it can be argued that both Ramsey and Staples were trying to move towards perfection of their good life. However, the bone of contention is on the end results of their move towards perfection of their good life. That is, the evaluation of their human soul and if their actions brigs them joy, hope, grief, or fear. The summary of the twelve angry men In the case of the young man charged with the crime of patricide, the

You pick Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

You pick - Essay Example Notably, at the end of the leasing period the person who pursues the leasing option will have to begin a new lease or buy cycle. On the other hand, a person who buys a new car will own the vehicle after completing paying all the dues. In the long-run, a person who leases the car pays more than the one who pursues the purchasing option. The loan and lease terms differ markedly. Buying a vehicle implies that the buyers will have the responsibility of paying the entire cost of the vehicle without considering the number of miles covered. Typically, the lender determines the total cost of the vehicle that includes sales tax, down payment, and interest rate. A loan needs an individual to invest a down payment in the vehicle. The borrower will have to decide the amount of savings to cater for the down payments. The more the loanees put down, the less they will require borrowing from the bank (Reed). The loan then funds the remaining amount. The borrower will have to pledge other assets for collateral. In addition, the loanee will have to bear all the risks including the vehicle devaluation especially with increasing pace of technological advancements. Fundamentally, loan size, loan term, amount of down payment, and interest rate determine the monthly payment on the auto loan. The terms of renting differ from that of the loan. Leasing implies that the individual pays a portion of the cost of the vehicle. The portion paid is the part the individual uses during the driving period. The charges of sales tax reflect in the monthly charges (Avdul and Steve 73). In addition, a person can opt to pay a down payment under leasing. Hence, the payment of down payment is not a mandatory in the leasing option. Money factor that is similar to the rate on the loan is paid. The lease vehicle is only the requirement for securing a leasing transaction. In addition, the lessors bear the risk of obsolescence because an obligation to own the vehicle does not

Phoenix one supersonic airplane Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Phoenix one supersonic airplane - Essay Example It can be done by reducing the direct operation costs, extension of the operating range and at the same time conserve the existing investments in crew training and maintenance procedures. To the manufacturers, it would allow for its production a minimum capital cost. The design of the airplane is model B. Selecting this model would be beneficial to both the society and the company as it reduces air pollution hence conserving the environment. If the board approved commencement of the project, following would take place. There would be a reduction of harmful acoustic effect on the airport environment, increase in the operating range, reduction of the fuel consumption, and aerodynamic improvements (Concorde technical specs, 2014). Aerospatiale prepared a report through the chair and managing director Jacques Mitterrand to the Frenched secretary of state to transport Mr. Cavaille. The report was about a proposal investigation of an improved version of Concorde by the name of Concorde B. The report further explained on the quality of work done and the knowledge possessed by the Aerospatiale Company. The report also gave the go-ahead to an exploratory study that was already being done to upgrade the capability of current Concorde design. As an investment project, the Concorde B model will reduce the monopolistic market, which is only dominated by Anglo-French project. The project will also ensure the company participates in the second-generation supersonic aircraft (Concorde technical specs, 2014). The project approval will confirm an economic interest for the company, which led to the improvement of the Concorde. The project is also favorable to the manufacturer as it allows the company to perform these improvements at a minimum capital cost. The investment project will be environmental friendly as business operations are expected to be ethical. The model will reduce the harmful acoustic effect on the airport environment.

Theory Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Theory - Research Paper Example Over the years, the model has been adopted to examine a wide range of long-and-short-term health behaviours among people of all ages and nationalities such as the spread of cancer due to the failure by people to go for free cancer screening clinics (Rejeski, Brawley, McAuley, & Rapp, 2006). The Health Belief Model was developed out of the realization that humans possess positive, negative and neutral values and their response to various issues is based on these three regions. The Health Belief Model often has two dimensions namely the threats and net threats. These two areas are categorized into susceptibility, severity, benefits and barriers and it is believed that these four constructs explain people’s willingness to react to situations. While these four concepts are usually constant, an addition of cues to action usually triggers the willingness and motivates clear behaviour. In recent days, there has been an addition of self-efficacy, which is the focus on one’s self-belief in the capacity to successfully complete an action (Rejeski, Brawley, McAuley & Rapp, 2006). Ideally, the Health Belief Model is founded on the hypothesis that if the end result is desirable, there is a higher likelihood for individuals to be more motivated to alter their behaviour. For this model to work, psychologists believe that certain behaviours are pointers to certain results. The self-efficacy expectancy concept posits that individuals have within them what it takes to bring about certain results. If a particular incentive is added to the environment within which an individual lives, then the chances of getting a certain outcome is amplified (Rejeski, Brawley, McAuley, & Rapp, 2006). Perceived Susceptibility; this is usually defined as an individual’s opinion of the probabilities of acquiring a certain condition. In the Health Belief Model, this is often used to define the threatened people as well as in defining the risk levels. This concept

Case study histology 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Histology 2 - Case Study Example The colon is also masculine to aid in movement of food through the esophagus. The muscles contract and relax rhythmically to facilitate peristalsis. The colon is also long this ensures nutrients remain in the colon for long period to maximize absorption. The reddish appearance of the colon indicates presence of blood capillaries. Capillaries bring in oxygen for oxidation and takes away absorbed food. (Odze & Goldblum 2009, p. 10) It has a pouch like projection called cecum that collects undigested food from the ileum. It is the first section of the large intestine. Cecum has a valve that separates it from the ileum. The valve regulates the amount of food getting into the cecum and prevents backflow of food into the ileum. The main function of the cecum is to absorb water and salts. The epithelium of the colon is thin. It enables food to diffuse through the colon at a higher rate. The colon also has gland that resembles test tubes on their walls called crypts of Lieberkà ¼hn. The crypts are embedded in the epithelial lining to enable them secrete enzymes which in turn secrete mucous to lubricate the colon. In addition to this, crypts secrete hydrochloric Acid which kills any bacteria in the nutrients (Odze & Goldblum 2009, p. 66). The colon has a lining called mucosa. Mucosa secretes mucus which lubricates the colon to aid in peristalsis. The epithelium lining of the colon also has various goblet cells which secrete mucus. The mucus is used neutralize acid in the stomach. In addition to this, the mucus hinders enzymes from digesting the internal walls of the colon (Wolff 2010, p. 33) Crohns disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease. It mostly affects the intestine though it can affect any part from the mouth to anus. It is associated with the fistulae and ulcers. Crohns disease compels the immune system to attack healthy cells within gastrointestinal tract leading to inflammation. It is usually classified as

Impact of low number of minorities working in healthcare industry in Research Paper

Impact of low number of minorities working in healthcare industry in usa - Research Paper Example Eventually, the disparities in the provision of care due to racism and ethnic issues will be tackled in details. Given that the majority of the health care providers are the Native Americans, the impact of language barriers in terms of providing care to minorities who could not speak the English language well will be determined. Given that half the US population would be the minorities, the impact of language barrier between the health care providers and the minorities as patients will be thoroughly analyzed. As of November 16, 2009, the total number of population in the United States is 307,946,634 (U.S. Census Bureau, 2009). In line with this, the total population of white Americans alone is composed of 65% of the total population. The rest of the minorities includes Hispanic (15%), African Americans (13%), Asian (4%), Two or More Races (2%), American Indian & Alaska Native (1%), and Native Hawaiian & Other Pacific Islander (0%) (U.S. Census Bureau, 2009b). (See Figure I – US Population by Race & The number of minorities working in the health care industry is very limited as compared to the White Americans. Since the minorities are earning less as compared to the White American physicians, Weeks & Wallace (2006) revealed that black male and female family physicians tend to serve more patients as compared with the White Americans male and female counterparts. This is probably due to the fact that the number of African Americans who are practicing as family physicians is less as compared to the population of African Americans they are serving. Although socio-economic and racial issues are among the common factors that has contributed to lower number of available health care professionals in the United States, Sabin, Rivara, & Greenwald (2008) revealed that the classification of health care profession also matters when it comes to racial bias such that pediatricians are less likely to implicit racial

Case on TQM Essay Example for Free

Case on TQM Essay ABSTRACT: Using case study methodology, the authors asked quality managers about their company’s experience with ISO 9000:1994 and total quality management (TQM) implementation. The results show that initially the standard could help some companies reorganize their procedures and define responsibilities and duties. However, managers’ perspectives on its possible effect on company performance are not positive. Only product quality improves after implementation. On the contrary, TQM has improved many aspects of performance, the most influential aspects being those â€Å"soft† dimensions of leadership and human resource management. These aspects were not included in ISO 9000:1994. After analyzing ISO 9000 as a first step toward the TQM implementation, as much of the literature advises, the authors’ findings suggest that managers consider it to be a disturbing element when implemented jointly with TQM. Their study points out that, in practice, there are two parallel quality systems in a company. To get better results, it is important to adapt ISO requirements to facilitate TQM implementation; otherwise, the only advantage of the registration is the â€Å"permission† to selling the market. INTRODUCTION: Over the last decade, ISO 9000 certification has been the subject of many articles. The phenomenon of its quick development led to a belief that it was a great advantage for a company to attain registration. In keeping with this, many researchers tried to identify the impact of ISO 9000 certification on companies’ results and management. An important group of researchers has not found any strong positive relationship between certification and results. However, there is another group of articles that points out an influence of registration on product quality. Apart from any influence derived from implementation, some authors advocated that certification could be a good first step toward a total quality management (TQM) system, raising awareness of quality among workers and a good climate in which to implement it. Regarding this point, implementation of the standard was advised with the aim of implementing TQM in order to obtain maximum benefits from the registration (Brecka, 1994; Meegan and Taylor 1997; Huarng, Horng, and Chen 1999; Hughes, Williams, and Ryall 2000; Sun 2000; Gotzamani and Tsiotras 2002). The question is: Do companies really implement ISO certification with this aim? Is the accepted wisdom that ISO certification could â€Å"help† companies attain a TQM system true? Which aspects of ISO do that? The purpose of this research is to empirically evaluate the real contribution of ISO 9000 toward TQM implementation. METHODOLOGY: Case study methodology is best when the objective is to build theory in preliminary phases of a research study or to add new perspectives to previous research (Yin 1994). Part of this research can be considered as preliminary, because there is still little evidence on how the ISO 9000 and TQM act jointly in management. The objective of the case study is not the statistical generalization, but the analytical one. This methodology tries to generalize from case to theory; it does not attempt to extrapolate facts from sample to population. Relating to the number of cases, the lower number will allow the researcher to obtain more information (Voss, Tsikriktsis, and Frohlich 2002). However, a multiple case study increases reliability and external validity. †¢ Predict similar results (literal replication) †¢ Get different results due to predictable reasons The authors chose a multiple case study instead of a single one to increase external validity and reliability. Fourteen companies among the biggest manufacturing companies in Spain were selected for the study. The cases were selected with the condition of being certified at least by the ISO 9000:1994. Three of them were applying TQM and two were recently certified by the new version of ISO 9000:2000. The case study protocol included two questionnaires in order to apply triangulation. One of them was used in the interview with the quality manager. The other questionnaire was to be completed by other managers not associated with the quality area. The authors took into consideration other documents supplied by the company and direct observation through plant visits. Table 1 shows the companies participating in the study and their characteristics. Later in this article, the authors assign a number for each company in order to safeguard confidentiality of responses. The criteria used to select companies were mainly: †¢ Homogeneity of external factors: The authors focused on manufacturing companies since ISO 9000 was initially designed for industrial companies. RESULTS: Effects of TQM on Company Performance: First the authors classified companies according to the degree of implementation of a total quality system. They identified three companies with high levels and experience in TQM the remaining companies had a low degree of TQM implementation. This classification was based on information about TQM dimensions such as customer orientation, work teams for continual improvement, consciousness about quality, quality planning, and so on. Managers of the three TQM companies were asked about the perceived performance improvements as a result of TQM implementation. The three managers agreed that TQM implementation had benefited the company in many ways. Then the authors asked them to position the improvements in a set of performance measurements, explaining why the TQM system had improved every measure. Measurements were obtained from a literature review that relates quality management and performance. The richness of the case study is that the manager is able to explain at the moment of completing the questionnaire the â€Å"why† of each rate and to add evidence to the question. Table 2 shows the results along with some notes from managers. The last column shows the value of the influence on each measure based on the majority of responses (1-2=low, 3=medium, 4-5=high). In the cases where companies’ responses are very different (one of each) there is not enough evidence to affirm that TQM influences that point. According to these managers’ perceptions, TQM influences product quality, customer service, fast response, competitiveness, customer satisfaction, employee satisfaction and motivation, rate of defects, and stock price. Regarding the customers’ claims, it is important to note that two managers indicated that this point had not improved because customers today are more demanding than before. A similar explanation is valid for warranty costs. One company also pointed out that these costs often come from a wrong use of the product and not from its quality. Exports and innovations were not tested because of the particular characteristics of the companies interviewed Financial measures were difficult to mark. Managers agreed that they would need more information to position themselves, although they perceived that the market in general values the fact that the company has implemented a TQM system and consequently, the stock price rises. After completing the questionnaire, managers were asked to indicate the elements of TQM that are â€Å"more responsible† for company improvements. Following are their responses †¢ Company 1: â€Å"The most important aspect is that everybody in the company, including the cleaning service, the doorman, and the accountant, is conscious and worried about quality. Before, the only people interested in quality were the quality department staff.† †¢ Company 4: â€Å"Personnel motivation and participation. If you get this, then the complete system works.† †¢ Company 12: â€Å"First, the general belief of the importance of quality. Second, the decision to be real leaders. Managers and staff move together towards the same aim.â⠂¬  Effects of ISO 9000 on Company Performance: Quality managers were also asked about the influence that ISO 9000:1994 registration has had on the same aspects of company results that were considered for TQM. They were asked to give a score from 1 to 5 (1=no influence, 5=very strong influence). The global influence that ISO 9000:1994 has had over each variable, evaluated according to the majority of responses, is presented in the final column of Table 3. As can be seen, the only aspect that clearly improved from the date of certification was product quality. One manager said this was because they had to create procedures and reduce variability in the production process because of ISO implementation. All of them agreed that the product was the same as before certification. The only difference was that after ISO implementation it was more controlled. The defect rate had consequently decreased as well. The effect on both customer satisfaction and competitiveness was medium. It is worth explaining that when the quality manager considered that certification could improved these variables, he always explained that â€Å"customer satisfaction† was derived from the accomplishment of a previous requirement from him: to attain certification. Some other managers pointed out that this satisfaction could be due to improvement in claims management. When ISO 9000 was first created, being a certified company was a competitive advantage. Today this advantage has disappeared and it has become a requirement to compete in the market. The effect on customer service was also medium. In this sense, ISO 9000 certification has been useful to organize the claims management system. Each claim must be registered and evaluated. There must exist a procedure to solve claims. Regarding the employees, the ISO 9000 system improved their productivity and their interest in quality problems. Improvement in productivity is again explained by better procedures and work instructions. However, many managers have confessed that employee satisfaction worsened because of the bureaucracy of the system. The documentation needed to sustain the system increased their workload. The remaining variables are not considered to have any impact on results. Note that the financial measures were not influenced by the implementation of the standard. When managers were asked about the main advantages and disadvantages of certification, they agreed that certification is helpful to organize the production system through procedures and work instructions. The paperwork generated was identified as the most negative consequence. After asking if certification was profitable, the majority answered that â€Å"it had to be,† pointing out that nowadays it is a basic requirement. â€Å"If we did not have it, we couldn’t sell,† they affirmed. ISO 9000 and TQM: If data on the companies that had implemented TQM are analyzed, it can be seen that certification had less impact on nearly all results. The first company shows higher marks in some variables. This company was the only one that started the quality journey by implementing ISO 9000 first and then TQM. It would explain the fact that the ISO standard could help managers organize the production process when quality management was at an initial stage. In fact, the manager of this company stated that formalization was useful for learning and for having criteria for future comparisons. The other two managers of companies applying TQM did not find any impact, although they suggested that the certification could help in some cases when companies had problems regarding process management. Finally, as an interesting note, one of the managers was worried about the new version of the standard, ISO 9000:2000. As explained before, managers try to establish minimal requirements in the quality manual to avoid what they believe as disturbances in their normal work. In his opinion, the new version represents a higher level of a quality system, is more demanding, and tries to incorporate some points more in line with the TQM system. It would mean that the auditor should have access to new fields in his or her company, and they would have to allow him or her to interrupt many aspects of the process. It could mean that the company worked less well than before. CONCLUSION: The authors asked quality managers of 14 companies about their experience with both ISO 9000:1994 implementation and TQM. Only three of the 14 companies had implemented TQM. Those companies have had improvements in performance as a result. These were mainly in product quality, customer and employee satisfaction, and competitiveness. When asked about the most important dimensions of TQM for getting these better results, managers agreed on leadership and employee participation. Regarding ISO 9000, the results show that the only clear improvement is in product quality. Managers agree that certification was useful in the initial stages of quality system implementation, mainly because they improved their production process through the development of work procedures, creating an atmosphere in which quality played an important role and defining responsibilities and duties. Initially, ISO 9000 certification was a competitive tool because it was still a novelty. However, today, certification is no longer a competitive advantage, but a prerequisite to play in the market. The authors have detected that companies that are applying TQM have fewer improvements in performance when ISO 9000 was implemented than the others. One of them presents slightly higher values, and, by coincidence, it is the only one that was ISO 9000 registered before implementing TQM. This could give the impression that the standard could be a good first step toward TQM implementation n. However, a more in-depth interview with managers changed the authors’ point of view. The managers point out that the ISO standard can be an obstacle when implemented jointly with a TQM system, interfering in the normal operation of the business and allowing the auditor to â€Å"inspect† too many aspects of the quality system and slowing it down. The solution to this problem provided by some of the Spanish managers interviewed was to completely separate implementation of a TQM system from the ISO 9000 system. Within other business culture contexts, the solution could well be different. Those companies that decided to apply the ISO regulation more strictly introduced all those aspects related to GCT in the manual. Then, the auditor will have a more important role and his or her understanding of what TQM is will be more important in these cases. Therefore, the effect of ISO 9001:2000 on company results will also depend on two factors: 1) the managers’ fulfilment of norms, and 2) the auditors’ understanding of TQM. Differences among countries due to different management cultures will then be a cause of differences in ISO 9001 effects and an interesting topic of analysis. The new version of the standard is closer to a TQM system. In particular, it tries to improve human resource management, customer focus, and leadership. According to managers, and supported by the conclusions of previous authors, the â€Å"soft† variables of TQM are responsible for the improvement in results derived from TQM implementation. It is an opportunity for companies to achieve better performance by applying the new version adequately. This new standard could also be a good first step toward a TQM system. Further research in this sense would be interesting to help managers attain more benefits from certification.

History of Modernist Art Movement

History of Modernist Art Movement During a defining moment in history, there can be an event that can arrive that can aim at a mechanism of change. In art history, this mechanism of change is the object of art or particular artists with the intention of marking the beginning of a new period of creative practice. The western world experienced a changing period of revolution in thought, technology, and society as the older ways collapsed and paved the way for modernism. At the head of social and cultural movement, influencing and reflecting these changes were Artists exploring elements of their craft and personal expression as never before. It is understood that modern artists are those who experimented with new ways of seeing, expressing new ideas and methods (Cianelli, 2009). As a result, there were many distinct styles that emerged, each arising from a different part of the changing world, and each reflecting the idea of Modernism in its own way. According to Justin Andrews (2009), modernism describes the style and theory of art that emerged from the late 1800s lasting into the mid-20th century. Modernism describes a series of reforming cultural movements in art and architecture, music, literature and the applied arts. During this time, there was a strand of thinking that began to assert that it was necessary to push aside previous norms entirely, instead of merely revising past knowledge because of current techniques. Many of the art and the writings intend to depict emotions and happenings at that particular time. Modernism proposes new forms of art since these are more appropriate to the present time. The people during this modernist time wanted to impact history and how issues were viewed then. The Modernist point of view argues that people should adapt to change and accept the views of the 20th century which is forever progressing. These groups that wanted to be heard formed what was called the avant- garde literary group. Avant-garde is the breaking away of something to begin the application of something new. Change and revolt, the very meaning of avant garde, became the measure of progress in Modern art. It provided a focus and a purpose for art (Parks, 1989, p.11). Consequently, a series of writers, thinkers, and artists made the break with traditional means of organizing literature, painting, and music. Modernism rooted in the idea that the traditional forms of art had become outdated, and that it was therefore essential to move it aside and embrace and accept change. Modernism rejected tradition and proposed a return to the fundamentals of art that allows artists to experiment with colour and form along with a freedom of expression. Modernism weakens all prior theories regarding the existence of objective reality and the use of reason as a suggestion to gain it. Modernisms extreme focal point on subjectivity led to a contemplative age in art, literature, philosophy, and systematic study. Modernism supports the reassessment of every piece of reality. Because art was constantly rejecting the past and replacing it with new and innovative ideas, standards for judging quality had no benchmark. Therefore, formalism became the measure of quality; a work was judged not for its relevance to external concerns, but based on aesthetic coherence within the work itself (Parks, 1989, p.11). Formalism in art is appreciated for the forms of its components such as the way it is made and the visual aspects. Formalism basically emphasizes elements such as color, line, shape and texture (Lotito, 2002). Modern artists started intentionally drawing viewers attention to the shape of a paintings support (canvas) and the properties of the paintings forms. Thus the paintings flatness became an integral component in the viewers experience of the artwork. According to Justin Wolf (2010), Clement Greenberg argues that the single most important element in Modern painting is its flatness. While Gre enberg focused on the depicted flatness, the artist balances forms of color and line to create a painterly value that appears utterly flat. Paintings are flat by the nature of the canvas. Since flatness was the only circumstance painting shared with no other art, Modernist painting adjusted itself to flatness as it did to nothing else. Modernism changed from the way the classical or traditional artists view nature, the environment, plus social norms and structures. Artists embraced their newfound freedom of expression, experimentation, and discrimination. According to Jade Wildy (2010), modernism saw more experimentation with colours, vibrant with warm colours that let artists concentrate on tone and structure of the artwork, as a result the structure of art changed significantly. Artists tried to break down the communitys view of art, analyzing theories of color and composition and frequently presenting these explorations on canvas. Artists tried to show the strengths of the human condition, uniting with unlimited human needs. Therefore, Modern Era artists increases the materials they use to create their pieces, resorting to approaches such as collage and even setting aside objects as art solely because of their being chosen by an artist. In addition, the artists increase the materials they make use of to compile their pieces, going to procedures such as collage and also adopting objects as art only because of being selected by an artist. There were many distinct styles that emerged and reflect the idea of Modernism. One of the styles is the concept of expressionism. According to Architecture411.com (2006), modern expressionism is characterized as a creative style which the artist produces their artwork by combining illustrations or objects with emotions. This is accomplished by using both factual and theoretical emphasis on color, consistency, unclear subject matter, deformation, abnormal strength, exaggeration and changed surrounding imagery. During the Modernistic movement, artists disposed of the old rules of perspective, color, and composition to figure out their own visions. Edvard Munch, a Norwegian, expressionist artist, is a unique figure in the history of modern art that formed and express his inner vision when it came to art. Munch was reared by his father who was a military doctor. Munchs childhood was filled with dramatic and tragic losses, including the death of his mother when he was five followed by the death of his elder and closest sister when he was 15; both died from tuberculosis (Hà ¸ifà ¸dt, 2006). These tragedies impacted his emotional and intellectual development. Munch studied engineering at a young age but later turned to art. Between 1892 and 1908, Munch spent much of his time in Paris and Berlin, where he became known for his printsetchings, lithographs, and woodcuts. (Pioch, 2002). Munchs work of art was modernistic. Munch was essentially subjective, expressing his personal emotions through daring color, unconventional compositions and deeply symbolic content. Because of the tragedies that Munch had to endure explains the harshness and negativity of much of Munchs work. Munchs work was the only way that he could express the pain and loss that he had suffered. Munch was a true expressionist. His art was a major impact of the expressionist movement, where artists sought to result in emotional responses. Munch conducted experiments with various painting procedures, paints, colors, and canvas. He regularly made basic paintings with a strong use of color as a representation of feelings. Munchs painting, The Scream, was one of Munchs most famous oil on canvas paintings and is a vital part of modern art. Many think that it has collected so much interest because it illustrates not only the strength of modernism, equally as a belief and as an art movement, but trouble and indifference of the modern world. (Dranitsin, 2010). The Scream is considered as a depiction of existential pain and isolation. The Scream represents the apogee of anxiety, the souls final breaking point (Fineman, 2005). The painting is Munchs personal expression on living and handling depression. Munch recreated an image when he was younger that had grabbed him while walking with two friends on afternoon. In the painting, there is an illustration of an agonized, tortured figure that stares directly out at the viewer, hands pressed to ears, with mouth open in awe standing. There have been several interpretations to this painting. The use of color has been used to describe the mood of the subject as well as contribute to a sense of chaos and disorder, which helps to support the expression of the figure. The reddish tinted sky caused the intensity of the scene with the contoured body of water and landscape. In the painting, the figure appears as if screaming. It is unknown whether the figure seen something dramatic or if this is a release of inner emotions. But, the way the mouth was open in an oval shape scream displays pain. The figure in the image is covering the ears which suggest that its not the person who is screaming but maybe an inner, silent scream coming from anxieties in life that frighteningly is heard by the one figure, while the other people in painting may be unable to hear anything. In addition, the scream from the figure may suggest that they are releasing the torment and frustration life can bring on people and this may symbolize an in ner scream. In conclusion, modernism consists of the latest styles and attitudes, also new ideas and practices. Modernism can be seen as an overall open-minded style of thoughts, which make individuals progress and change the environment with the aid of scientific knowledge and most up-to-date technologies. The concept of formalism during the Modern Era deliberately calls attention to the natural flatness of the canvas in an artists work. Artists have exercised a uniquely modern trend, in which the viewer is not intended to appreciate the interpretation of anything, but the act of the painting itself. The many artistic styles and movements all reflect the idea of modernity by being of their own time, dealing with contemporary images or issues, and continuing to create new methods of expression through the varied use of art. Even though modernism had almost become an outdated form of expression, it did not die out, but instead made the way for Postmodernism which was in many respects, a revision of modernist ideas. Edvard Munchs, one of the most prolific, innovative and influential figures in modern art, captured the feeling of the moment instead of the sights in his famous work The Scream. The painting displayed a glimpse of what Munch was really like inside. The painting reflected the idea of modernism and expressionism in a way that it is known what and how the artist was feeling at the time, because it illustrates nothing but human emotion. Lastly, the painting created multiple meanings nevertheless conveys a universal emotion that is recognized and experienced by all.

Essay --

Chis passed away 3 days later at the age of 41. Chris died naturally, and that was the way he wanted it. Today, people have options in death. Physician assisted suicide is defined by Merriam Webster, as â€Å"suicide that is carried out with the help of a doctor† (Merriam Webster). It is usually carried out by a lethal dose of medication which makes you fall asleep and then stops your heart. The process usually takes about 30 minutes. It could look something like this, and you would drink it from a straw. Show the glass with the mixture and a straw. It takes about this much to kill a grown man. Physician Assisted Suicide is currently an option offered in four states and has been considered in forty six others. Today, I am here to talk about Physician Assisted Suicide, and how it should not be legal in any state. Most of us, especially at our age, don’t really don’t think too much about terminal illness and death, but a terminal illness could happen to anyone of us, or someone we love or care about. Physician assisted suicide is not legal in Minnesota, but it is legal in Oregon, Vermont, Washington and Montana. This is a hotly debated issued because there are such strong opinions on both sides. Those in favor of Physician Assisted believe that each person when faced with their own inevitable death, deserve the right to end their lives on their own terms without pain and suffering. Those that oppose any legislation to believe it violates the physicians fundamental Hippocratic oath which is to â€Å"Do No Harm,† and that it is a dangerous and slippery slope. Jane St. Clair who founded an organization called The Compassionate Choice, lost her mother, father, and sister to cancer. She wrote that Physician Assisted Suicide ... ...a life, the caregiver is able to offer medications, treatments, as well as a willingness to listen and provide support and guidance through a very difficult time. This can make the experience much easier for the patients and their families. Even though Physician Assisted Suicide is currently not being considered in Minnesota, there are ways we can support the efforts to not have this be legal in any state. Please consider becoming a part of the pursuit of ending Physician Assisted Suicide by joining the many established national disability organization that oppose assisted suicide. They include: The National Council on Independent Living, The National Spinal Crd Injury Association, The Disability Right Education and Defense Fund, and the National Council on Disability. By becoming involved you can help each state be free of Assisted Suicide. Thank you!

Free Essays - Analysis of Kate Chopins The Storm :: Chopin Storm Essays

The short story â€Å"The Storm† by Kate Chopin, deals with the subject of adultery. The story takes place in the early 1900’s. There are two main characters, Calixta (the wife) and Alcee (the former lover). Alcee must take refuge from a passing storm in Calixta’s house, while he is there the two end up making love while Calixta’s husband and son have to wait out the storm at the local store. By doing this Chopin implies the theme that is, adultery is natural and does not necessarily have negative consequences. Through out the story the constant changing of imagery plays a great role in the development of characters and their ability to demonstrate the theme. The subject of adultery was first introduced soon after Alcee asked Calixta if he may take refuge from the approaching storm within her house. That was also the first point when the author lets us know that Calixta â€Å"may† still have feelings for Alcee. This was shown clearly in the story when it says, â€Å" His voice and her own startled her as if from a trance†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Immediately after this the description of the setting changed from a outdoor relax feel to an indoor tense feel. This also lead to the feelings of both characters towards each other, which was shown when the room was described, â€Å" The door stood open, and the room with its white, monumental bed, its closed shutters, looked dim and mysterious.†Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Soon after this, Calixta who is then feeling the situation gets up to look outside the window, as not to keep looking at Alcee for she knows what may come of it. Alcee then also gets up to look out the window so that he may stand close to Calixta, which shows how Alcee wants to be with her. While Calixta is looking out the window she sees that it is raining hard and there is strong winds and lightning, which clearly signifies how mixed up Calixta’s feelings for Alcee are at that moment. After this Alcee grabs Calixta close to him as she staggers back, she then retreats and immediately asks where her son may be. This also shows that Calixta is having mixed feelings with the situation. Which is the reason she gets loose but does not tell Alcee to control himself but yet like nothing had happened wonders where her son may be, â€Å" Bonte! She cried, releasing herself from his arms encircling arms and retreating to the window†¦ If I only knew were Bibi was!†Ã‚  

Turing: Concept of Computation :: Computers Computational Systems Papers

Turing: Concept of Computation Turing's analysis of the concept of computation is indisputably the foundation of computationalism, which is, in turn, the foundation of cognitive science. What is disputed is whether computationalism is explanatorily bankrupt. For Turing, all computers are digital computers and something becomes a (digital) computer just in case its 'behavior' is interpreted as implementing, executing, or satisfying some (mathematical) function 'f'. As 'computer' names a nonnatural kind, almost everyone agrees that a computational interpretation of this sort is necessary for something to be a computer. But because everything in the universe satisfies at least one (mathematical) function, it is the sufficiency of such interpretations that is the problem. If, as anticomputationalists are fond of pointing out, computationalists are wedded to the view that a computational interpretation is sufficient for something to be a computer, then everything becomes a digital computer. This not only renders comput er-talk vacuous, it strips computationalism of any empirical or explanatory import. My aim is to defend computationalism against charges that it is explanatorily bankrupt. I reexamine several fundamental questions about computers. One effect of this computation-related soul-searching will be a framework within which 'Is the brain a computer?' will be meaningful. Another effect will be a fracture in the supposed link between computationalism and symbolic-digital processing. If the standard by which to measure the explanatory value of a view were its revolutionary character, then Turing's (1936) analysis of the concept of computation would be highly valued indeed. Whereas the science of mind was once dominated by behaviorists, today it is dominated by computationalists. For computationalists, the mind/brain is a computer. As computationalists came to shoulder the burden for explaining how the mind/brain works, Turing's analysis of what counts as a computer became the standard by which to justify empirical claims about whether something is a computer. According to Turing, all computers are digital computers and something becomes a (digital) computer just in case its "behavior" is interpreted as implementing, executing, or satisfying some (mathematical) function 'f'. Because Turing's analysis is considered the foundation of computationalism, which, in turn, is the foundation of cognitive science, there can be no doubt that Turing's analysis has revolutioni zed the scientific study of the mind/brain. That much is not in dispute. What is, rather, is whether computationalism is explanatorily bankrupt. Although attacks against computationalism come in a variety of flavors, what bridles Searle (1990) and other anticomputationalists the most is the sufficiency of Turing's analysis of what counts as a computer.

Stefan’s Diaries: Origins Chapter 32

I turned my back to the estate and began walking, then running, on the dirt road into town. Somehow, I felt that my feet barely touched the ground. I ran faster and faster, but my breath stayed the same. I felt that I could run like this forever, and I wanted to, because every step was taking me farther and farther away from the horrors I'd witnessed. I tried not to think, tried to block the memories from my mind. Instead I focused on the light touch of the earth as I quickly placed one foot in front of the other. I noticed that even in the darkness, I could see the way the mist shimmered on the few leaves that still clung to the trees. I could hear the breath of squirrels and rabbits as they scampered through the forest. I smelled iron everywhere. The dirt road changed into cobblestone as I entered town. Getting to town seemed to have taken no time at all, though normally I traversed the same distance in no less than an hour. I slowed to a stop. My eyes stung as I glanced slowly from left to right. The town square looked different somehow. Insects crawled in the dirt between the cobblestones. Paint flaked off the walls of the Lockwood mansion, though it had been built only a few years ago. There was disrepair and decay in everything. Most pervasive was the smell of vervain. It was everywhere. But instead of being vaguely pleasant, the scent was all-consuming and made me feel dizzy and nauseated. The only thing that countered the cloying scent was the heady smell of iron. I inhaled deeply, suddenly knowing that the only remedy against the vervain-induced weakness was in that scent. Every fiber of my body screamed that I had to find the source of it, had to nourish myself. I looked around, hungrily, my eyes rapidly scanning from the saloon down the street to the market at the end of the block. Nothing. I sniffed the air again, and realized that the scent–the glorious, awful, damning scent–was coming closer. I whirled around and sucked in my breath as I saw Alice, the pretty young barmaid from the tavern, walking down the street. She was humming to herself and walking unevenly, no doubt because she'd sampled some of the whiskey she'd been serving all night. Her hair was a red flame against her pale skin. She smelled warm and sweet, like iron and wood smoke and tobacco. She was the remedy. I stole into the shadows of the trees that flanked the street. I was shocked by how loud she was. Her humming, her breathing, each uneven footfall registered in my ear, and I couldn't help but wonder why she wasn't waking up everyone in town. Finally, she passed by, her curves close enough to touch. I reached out, grabbing her by her hips. She gasped. â€Å"Alice,† I said, my voice echoing hollowly in my ears. â€Å"It's Stefan.† â€Å"Stefan Salvatore?† she said, her puzzlement quickly turning to fear. She trembled. â€Å"B-but you're dead.† I could smell the whiskey on her breath, could see her pale neck, with blue veins running beneath her skin, and practically swooned. But I didn't touch her with my teeth. Not yet. I savored the feeling of her in my arms, the sweet relief that what I'd spent the last moments insatiably craving was right in my hands. â€Å"Shhh †¦,† I murmured. â€Å"Everything will be all right.† I allowed my lips to graze her white skin, marveling at how sweet and fragrant it was. The anticipation was exquisite. Then, when I couldn't take it anymore, I curled my lips and plunged my teeth into her neck. Her blood rushed against my teeth, my gums, spurting into my body, bringing with it warmth and strength and life. I sucked hungrily, pausing only when Alice went limp in my arms and her heartbeat slowed to a dull thud. I wiped my mouth and looked down at her unconscious body, admiring my handiwork: two neat holes in her neck, just a few centimeters in diameter. She wasn't dead yet, but I knew she would be soon. I slung Alice over my shoulder, barely feeling the weight and barely feeling my feet hit the ground as I ran through town, into the woods, and back to the quarry.

Managing Workplace Safety and Health

Nowadays, there are so many countries that have a problem with the employment of their citizens. The government of some countries can not manage to provide them with the jobs that would help them finance their living and their needs. The lack of job opportunities enables stagnation of the potential of the people thus disables the manpower of a certain country to grow and develop. Clearly, there are also so many problems that arise with this very serious unemployment.First, the resources of the country might not be used into its fullest since there are no funds for the farming or whatever job that do not require much machines or infrastructures, like with the farms and forests. Secondly, the population can increase unreasonably since people who might be just spending their time enjoying the dominion that God has permitted us with, to spread the good news and to multiply and recreate. Third, the people in a certain country might want to have a strike for their officials who do not have that potential to provide them what they need in their lives and that is to suffice the need to eat, by which I can recall as one of the primary needs of a person. Thus, this situation may lead to war making the country unfit for peaceful living.Speaking of War, we all know that Iraq is a place where some atrocities and turmoil is present because of the terrorism issue that other countries accuse them. The war has already damaged a lot of natural resources and even killed a thousand lives, whether Iraqi or other people with different nationalities that worked in Iraq. Those people who just wanted to earn something to provide their family financial support, those who already have the potentials and risked their fate by trusting that they will be safe in Iraq, were unlucky to have killed brutally by the guns and bombs that the war have given.The unemployment that is mentioned above is also a way why such people were killed in this country. Those countries that do not have enough slot s for their people tend to send those unemployed to Iraq to find money; hence what they can find is death. Their willingness to sacrifice for their families is equaled by the threats that they might encounter upon arriving at the country that could make them be drained, drained emotionally and even physically.Part of this paper is to analyze how the HR Managers treat this kind of situation aside from the fact that there are hundreds and thousands of unemployed citizens. Do they really intend to help these persons and their families or they are just for the benefit of their commissions given that those companies in Iraq, or their companies that have other bases or branch in Iraq pay double or triple times the price of a normal salary in a peaceful country? There were analyses on how these people deal with the situation given that there are really many things that are being risked in this country, Iraq.The first question goes on how the HR’s are being influenced for this kind o f risking. I think, aside from the fact that working abroad is something really adventurous to most people in the world, it is the deal that goes with the case, that is someone will have to work in Iraq and he/she will be provided of certain benefits that will encourage even his/her family to support that endeavor.There could be lots of offers that they may put into their contracts upon the acceptance of the application of those apprentices. Having so many bombings, it is not a joke to really invest one of your feet just for the sake of money, which is also one of the motivations of the HR managers that they too are risking their credibility to people who might want to work for their company. From the article of Susman saying that there really are bombings in Iraq, there are already so many warnings for the people who would want to give their best shots in Iraq. They will be heroes if they will be killed because of their loving hearts for their families.Giving the unemployed jobs in Iraq might also be a way to decrease the number of populations residing on an overpopulated country, with that intention of course that is hidden by the administration. If this is to be transferred, I think, some Hr managers can just gather these people who want to work in Iraq for big money and just give them something more difficult than letting them face the mask of death and even the haunting black man carrying a knife or a sword. Here, we can say that there are still ways to make them safe of the trouble of the war, that is to wait until the issue between Iraq and the other countries fade. As with the article of Whitaker, there was a military man who will have punishments for being the cause of fatalities with some women and children in Iraq.In my point of view, the danger of risking someone else’s life with the kind of wage the HR Managers are promising their employees is not worth the existence of those beings. It is very difficult to raise a child and give him/her th e education that he/she opt to have at their young age. Those people would always want to have something to apply their education and for the unfortunate who resides on countries with scarcity of jobs in turn be working on a country that promises only threats to their emotional and physical beings.Perhaps it can strengthen the spiritual aspects of that person that they will be able to call the Father Almighty every now and then to protect them with the harms not only the war can give them but by their bosses who might be influenced by the present turmoil in Iraq. I think, the benefits they will be getting in working in Iraq shall just be placed in funds that will enable that state or country make or build establishments that will provide them the money they need. Sometimes, courage is not measured by facing the most scary things in life but by looking for ways to solve the different struggles we encounter every day no matter how easy or complicated they are.

Agree or Disagree with Dissections

Why Do We Dissect ? The art of dissection allows for people to gain knowledge about the organisms around them in a very unique way. Dissection involves the cutting open and examination of animals or plants. Some of the earliest dissections date back to the third century where they were performed by Greek physicians. They used dissections as a means of gaining a broader understanding of their own species. Today dissections are an essential part of life. Dissections are popularly used in autopsies to determine means of death and by students to gain a better understanding of animal and human body. I personally think dissections are the best way to learn about our own bodies through examining other animals. This is because of homology or similarities between certain animals and humans. I’ve experienced homology in frog dissections. The internal structure of the frog was similar to the internal structure of the human body. Dissections were performed live and virtually. The live dissection of the frog allowed me to gain a true understanding of the organ systems compared to a virtual dissection done on the computer. I believe live dissections are better, they allowed me to learn more about the specimen by providing a better sense of the size and structure of the specimen. Through a live dissection I also gained lab experience in using dissection tools, safety procedures and equipment. When preparing for a lab practical a live dissection is more sufficient than a virtual dissection. It is easier to identify internal structures when you’ve examined them up close In conclusion dissections are one of the best means of gaining knowledge about the body and internal structure of a specimen. They allow for humans to discover homology between them and other animals such as frogs. Dissections can be performed live or virtually and to me live dissections are supreme because they allow for a more in depth and hands on examination. Thus leading to a better understanding of the specimen. | |

Bad Popcorn In Big Buckets

The research questions were clearly stated with both dependent (9 point Rickart scale questionnaire) and independent variables (large v average sized containers and stale v fresh popcorn) identified. Study was a randomly controlled trial, 2 x 2 between-subjects design.Participants were randomly given either a 120 gram or a 240 gram container of pre-weighed, fresh or stale popcorn to eat while viewing the movie; after the movie the containers and remaining popcorn were re-weighed to determine measures of consumption; participants were also required to complete a 9-point Rickart scale questionnaire in order to measure perceived taste and to write a description of the in order to measure palatability of the popcorn, and to write a description of this palatability and whether they considered the size of the containers as having any impact on the amount they consumed.Location: Philadelphian cinema – ‘Stargate’ movie. Subjects: 158 viewers of the movie, 57. 6% male; fre sh popcorn – average-sized containers: n=38 and larger-sized containers n=40, stale popcorn – average container: n=39 and large container, n=40; means and ANOVA results (analysis of variance) indicated that participants in each randomized sample were comparable in age (28. 9, 30. 4, 29. 0 and 27. 2 years of age, F=0. 465, P>0. 20), and gender mix (57%, 60%, 62%, 54% male, chi-square = 0.522, P>0. 20. Findings: regression coefficients show that those given fresh popcorn ate 45. 3% more from large containers (85. 6 vs 58. 9 grams, F1, 76=38. 6, P,0. 01) The size of container proved to have compelling influence on consumption, which was higher for both fresh and stale popcorn (45. 3% and 33. 6% respectively) when eaten from the large containers, even when regarded as unpalatable (disliked) by participants (50. 8 vs 38. 0 grams, F 1,77=8.73, P. 0. 01). Fresh popcorn however, procured a larger increase in consumption than the stale (F1, 154=7. 42, P

Read this research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Read this research paper - Essay Example PET (Jeong et al 1). Out of the 154 patients, eighty?one patients received de?nitive CRT and 73 received trimodality therapy (Jeong et al 1). I feel that research presented enough data to help me judge for myself how the experiment turned out. Notably, the research presented data, which included criteria for determining which patients should receive de?nitive CRT rather than surgery after preoperative CRT (Jeong et al 1). Moreover, the research ensured that the 72 patients of the 73 patients under trimodality therapy underwent transthoracic esophagectomy and one underwent transhiatal esophagectomy to enhance clarity in analyzing the collected data and the results (Jeong et al 2). Additionally, there was a follow-up, which started from the beginning of the Radiotherapy thus enhancing uniformity and correctness of the research. This would be significant for me in judging how the experiment turned out. Notably, the researchers used the AJCC 6th edition TNM stage classi?cation and the mu ltiple logistic regression analysis to determine the pathologic stage and the PET?CR to estimate the propensity score (Jeong et al 2). These methods present efficient, professional, and reliable data that is enough for me to establish how the experiment turned out. More so, the nonparsimonious model that addressed all the variables in the experiment derived significant data that would facilitate an independent opinion on the direction of the experiment (Jeong et al 2).The research presents data on the characteristics of the 154 patients, treatment response, and survival rates. The presented data is enough for me to make an informed decision on how the experiment turned out (Jeong et al 2). Question 3 The data mentioned by the author had a unique pattern. In fact, the data shows that all the 154 patients had squamous cell carcinoma with the majority of them being men (Jeong et al 2). Another pattern shows that 45 Gy was the mean total radiation dose in the preoperative CRT group whil e the 50 Gy was the mean total radiation dose in the de?nitive CRT group (Jeong et al 2). Furthermore, we can establish a superiority pattern where the rate of pCR was superior in the PET?CR group than in the PET?CR group (Jeong et al 2). More so, there was a treatment failure pattern where most of the 154 patients experienced treatment failure (Jeong et al 3). Another pattern was clear where local failure was the major failure site in the de?nitive CRT group while distant metastasis was the major pattern of failure in the trimodality group (Jeong et al 4). Another common pattern in this research was surgery being a signi?cant prognostic factor for LRFS in the entire patients (Jeong et al 3). Nevertheless, I can establish that the research did not address the problem of age with relation to surgery. Discussion Question 1 An analysis of the data in this research concludes that the addition of surgery showed higher DFS and LRFS rates than those of the PET?CR subgroup of de?nitive CRT patients (Jeong et al 5). More so, it concludes that PET?CR after CRT was a signi?cant prognostic factor for OS, DFS, and LRFS in locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (Jeong et al 5). Ultimately, the research concludes that despite achieving PET?CR, surgery still seems to improve local tumor control (Jeong et al 5). The

Electricity Industry in the U.S Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Electricity Industry in the U.S - Essay Example Coal is the leading electricity generating source. In 2013, 39.1% of electricity was generated using coal. Natural Gas was second with 27.4%. The nuclear source contributed to 19.4% of the total electricity generated in that year while renewable sources like solar and wind generation had 12.9%. Other sources of electricity had the least percentage of only 1.2%. Compared to the same data recorded in 2006, the share controlled by natural gases had dropped dramatically from 70%. Nuclear energy was contributed to 20% in 2006 while renewable energy rose from 3% in 2006. However, the percentage contributed by coal was not shown in 2006. Hence, it could be assumed that a coal production is a form of electricity generation in the US. The electricity industry in the U.S is comprised of several companies and stakeholders that offer services through electricity generation, transmission and distribution. Other industrial players are domestic and commercial market operators besides product sales personnel. A survey conducted in 1996 showed that there were at least 3200 utility firms engaging in power distribution. Among the 3200 firms, at most 1000 engaged in electricity generation (Only ten were government owned while the rest were private enterprises) (Blume, 2007, p. 83). In the US, electricity transmission is carried out under the supervision of independent system operators and regional transmission firms. The electricity transmitting organization focusses at offering equity services rather than being profit oriented. These utilities and organizations are controlled by public institutions, for example, Department of energy that generates electricity policies and Environmental Protection Policies that develop environmental policies.

Development of Tourism in Saudi Arabia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 11250 words - 1

Development of Tourism in Saudi Arabia - Essay Example The researcher tried not to choose participants who visited Saudi Arabia just once. People who visited the country twice but with short intervals (probably in months) were also not considered to be taken as participants for this paper’s survey, as this could impact the results and this could also prevent in finding out the reality. This is because, to notice the development of any country, months are really not enough. At least one and the half year is ideal to notice some of the changes. Normally, countries strive and work on several projects which take months to be finalized and to be actually executed. Operations do not just start. It takes a lot of time because each project involves a lot of finance and that financial plan or budget needs to be planned, designed, tested, approved and need to pass several stages before being operational. This point is very important. For active developers, one and the half year of a gap is considered as reasonable, while in third world coun tries with lazy executors, identical changes take more than five to seven years. For any country, the growth and the development in the industry of tourism brings a number of positive results. This, not only, includes the foreign investments but a lot more than that in a number of ways. A country receives investments when it is rich in resources. Especially, the oil reserves and the petroleum reserves are normally considered as the blessings and fortune of any country. The foreign investments open doors to the foreign engineers and to the other foreign employees. When the investment projects are a little more than the average number of projects, a country faces a lot of problems in acquiring professional services from the local workforce. Therefore, it opens doors to the foreign professionals to apply and offer their services. However, the local engineers and professionals are given priority over the outsiders in many cases. A company may acquire foreign services for a long-term or for a short-term contract.