Ap Psychology Review Packet Essay Example for Free

Ap psychological learning Re prospect Packet essayAbsolute Thresholdthe minimum comment needed to detect a particular remark 50% of the quantify. 2. Accommodationthe work out by which the substances lens changes shape to focus n auricle or far images on the retina. 3. Acetylcholineneurotransmitter that enables muscleman action, curb and fund. 4. Achievement Motivation inclination for accomplishment. 5. Achievement Testan exam intentional to test what a person has earned. 6. Acoustic Encodingencoding of sound, especially words. 7. Acquisitionthe sign do when angiotensin converting enzyme links a neutral stimulus and an unconditi iodined stimulus. 8.Action Potentiala spooky impulse a brief electrical beam that travels down an axon. 9. Activation Synthesis possible action that paradoxical rest period balance triggers skittish firing that evokes random images, which our sleep brainiac weaves into stories. 10. Adaptation Level Phenomenon trend to random variab le judgements congress to a neutral level find outd by our prior get down. 11. Adrenal Glandsa gibe of endocrine glands that sit provided in a higher place the kidneys and secrete horm singles that help aro practise the bole in generation of stress. 12. Algorithma methodical, logical rule that guarantees solving a particular worry. 3. Alpha Wavesthe coitusly heavy brain waves of an awake, relaxed fix. 14. Amnesialoss of memory. 15. Amphetaminesdrugs that stimulate unquiet activity, causing speeded-up body consumptions and associated energy and mood changes. 16. amygdalatwo lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic organisation linked to perception. 17. Aphasiaimpairment of nomenclature caused by left hemisphere damage to Brocas ara, impairing speaking, or Wernickes bea, impairing understanding. 18. Applied searchscientific study that aims to solve unimaginative problems 19.Aptitude Testdesigned to predict a persons future per goance. 20. Association Areas b attlefields of the cerebral lens cortex that are non involved in primary or arresting functions but in higher rational functions. 21. Associative Learning breeding that certain terminations occur together. 22. Automatic Processingunconscious encoding of consecutive training. 23. Autonomic ill at ease(p) Systemthe part of the peripheral loathsome trunk that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs. 24. Availability heuristic ruleestimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory. 5. Axonthe extension of a neuron, ending in branching closing fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles and glands. 26. B. F. Skinnera leading behaviouristic rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behaviour. 27. Babbling Stagebegins at 4 months stage of li truly development in which infant spontaneously utters various sounds. 28. Barbituatesdrugs that lour the activity of the central skittish dodging, bring down anxietybut impairing memory and judgement. 29. Basal Metabolic Ratebodys resting rate of energy expenditure. 30.Basic Researchpure science that aims to augment the scientific knowledge base 31. way Geneticsthe study of the relative force play and limits of genetic and environ psychogenic influences on behavior. 32. Behavioral Medicineintegrates behavioral and medical knowledge to gull to health and disease. 33. Behaviorismthe view that psychology should be an neutral science that studies behavior without reference to moral process. 34. Belief Perseveranceclinging to anes initial thoughtions later on the basis has been discredited. 35. Binocular Cuesdepth cues much(prenominal)(prenominal) as retinal disparity that depend on using two eyes. 36.Bio-Feedbackelectronically recording, amplifying and feeding back tuition regarding a subtle physiological state. 37. Biological Psychologya branch of psychology concerned with the links mingled with biology and behavior. 38. B iopsychosocial Approachan integrated approach that compounds biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of outline. 39. Blind Spotthe point at which the optic boldness leaves the eye, creating a blind spot because no receptor cells are located there. 40. Bottom-Up Processinganalysis that starts with the centripetal receptors and works up to the brains integration of sensory information. 1. Brocas Areacontrols language expression area of the anterior lobe of the left hemisphere. 42. Cannon-Baird Theoryemotion arousing stimulus triggers physiological repartee and subjective experience of emotion. 43. Case breedingan observational technique in which one person id studied in depth in the commit of revealing universal dogmas. 44. Central Nervous Systemthe brain and spinal anaesthesia anaesthesia cord. 45. Cerebellumthe little brain at the arouse of the brain stem processes sensory input and coordinates movement output and balance. 46.Cerebral cortexthe intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres the bodys ultimate control and information- affect center. 47. Change Blindnessfailing to score changes in the environment 48. Charles Darwinargued that natural selection shapes behaviors as well as bodies. 49. Chunkingorganizing items into familiar, manageable units very much occurs automatically. 50. Circadian Rhythmthe biological clock regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour vibration 51. Classical Conditioningone learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate future events. 2. clinical Psychologya branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats psychological swages. 53. Cochleaa coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger neural impulses. 54. Cochlear Implantdevice for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditive warmness through electrodes threaded through the cochlea. 55. CognitionMental activities associated with think ing, knowing, remembering and communicating. 56. Cognitive Map affable representation of the layout of ones environment. 57.Cognitive Neurosciencethe interdisciplinary study of brain activity linked with cognition. 58. Cognitive Perspectivehow we encode, process, store, and resume information. 59. Color Constancyperceiving familiar objects as having conformable strain either if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object. 60. Complementary Alternative Medicineunproven healthcare treatments intended to supplement conventional medicine. 61. Conditioned supporta stimulus that gains reinforcing power through its linkup with the primary reward. 62.Conditioned Responsethe learned repartee to a previously neutral stimulus. 63. Conditioned Stimulusan originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with US, triggers a result. 64. Conduction hear Loss pictureing loss caused by damage to the mechanical organisation that doingss sound waves to the coc hlea. 65. Conesretinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and function in daytime of well-lit conditions. 66. Confirmation Biasa purpose to search for information that backs ones own beliefs. 67. Consciousnessour awareness of ourselves and our environment. 68. suffice Validity close to which a test proves the behavior that is of interest, 69. Continuous Reinforcementreinforcing a desired repartee every time it occurs. 70. Control Groupthe class that is not exposed to the treatment in an experiment. 71. copealleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods. 72. Corpus Callosumaxon fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres. 73. Correlationa footstep of the extent to which two factors part together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. 74. Correlation Coefficienta statistical index of the relationship amidst two issues (from -1 to +1) 75.Counseling Psychologya branch of psychology that assists people wi th problems in living and in achieving great well- macrocosm. 76. Critical Thinkingthinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. 77. Culturethe enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a radical of people and transmitted from one culture to the next. 78. Delta Wavesthe large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep. 79. Dendritethe bushy, branchy extensions of a neuron that capture message and conduct impulses towards the cell body. 0. Dependent Variablethe outcome factor the variable that may change in response to the manipulation of the independent variable. 81. Depressantsdrugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions. 82. Difference Thresholdthe minimum difference between stimuli required for detection 50% of the time. 83. Discriminationlearned ability to distinguish between CS and stimuli that do not signal a US. 84. Dissociationa split in consciousness, which allows some(prenominal) thoughts and behaviors to occur simu ltaneously with others. 85.Dopamineneurotransmitter that influences movement, learning, attention and emotion. 86. Double-Blind Procedurean experigenial procedure in which both the question participants and the enquiry staff are ignorant as to whether the group has received a treatment or a placebo. 87. Drive-Reduction Theoryphysiological need creates an aroused tension state, a drive, that motivates an organism to satisfy the need. 88. bivalent Processingthe principle that information is simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks 89. onomatopoeic retentivitymomentary sensory memory of an audile stimuli. 0. Ecstasy (MDMA)a synthetic stimulant and a mild hallucinogen. Produces Euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurans and to mood and cognition. 91. Edward Titchenerfather of morphologicism. 92. grueling Processingencoding that requires attention and conscious effort. 93. Electroen cephalogram (EEG)an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep crosswise the brains surface. 94. Emotionresponse of the whole organism involving psychological arousal, expressive behavior and conscious experience. 95.Emotion-Focused CopingAttempting to still stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs relating to ones stress. 96. Encodingthe impact of information into the memory system by extracting meaning. 97. Endocrine Systemthe bodys slow chemical communication system a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream. 98. Endorphinsmorphine within natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to disquiet control and to pleasure. 99. Environmentevery non-genetic influence. 100. clairvoyanceclaim that detection move occur apart from sensory input. 101.Estrogenthe primary fe anthropoid rouse hormone. 102. Evolutionary Psychologythe study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural sele ction. 103. Experimenta research method in which an investigator manipulates one of more factors to observe the opinion on some behavior or mental process. 104. Experimental Groupthe group that is exposed to the treatment in an experiment. 105. Explicit retentivitymemory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare stored in hippocampus. 106. Extinctiondiminishing of CR occurs in classical conditions when US does not follow CS. 07. Extrinsic Motivationdesire to perform to receive rewards or avoid punishment. 108. Factor Analysisa statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items, called factors, on a test. 109. Feature Detectors spirit cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle or movement. 110. Feel-Good Do-Good Phenomenatendency to be helpful when already in a good mood. 111. Figure-Groundorganization of visual handle into objects that stand out from their surroundings. 112. Fixationinability t o attend a problem from a clean lieu. 113.Fixed-Interval enrolmentsupport schedule that reinforces a response unless after a specified amount of time has elapsed. 114. Fixed-Ratio Schedulereinforcement schedule that reinforces only after specified number of responses. 115. Flashbulb Memorya clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. 116. Flowa completely involved, focussed state of consciousness resulting from optimal engagements of ones skills. 117. fMRIa technique for revealing bloodflow and, therefore, brain activity shows brain function. 118. Foveathe central focal point in the retina, around which the eyes cones cluster. 19. Framingthe way an recurrence is posed. 120. Fraternal Twins agree who develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than a brother or sister. 121. Frequencythe number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a presumption time. 122. Frequency Theoryin perceive, the surmise that the rate of neural impuls es traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to horse sense its pitch. 123. Freuds Wish-fulfillmenttheory that dreams provide a psychic safety valve for expressing otherwise unacceptable feelings. 124.Frontal Lobesportion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the fore aim involved in speaking, muscles movement, making plans and judgement. 125. Functional Fixednessthe tendency to think of things only in their usual function. 126. Functionalisma school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function how they enable us to adapt, survive and flourish. 127. GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)a study inhibitory neurotransmitter. 128. Gate-Control Theorytheory that spinal cord contains a neurological gate that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass to the brain. 29. sexual practice Identityour sense of being male or female. 130. Gender Rolea set of expectations for either males or females. 131. Gender Typingthe ac quisition of a traditional male or female role. 132. General Adaptation SyndromeSelyes concept of bodys adaptive response to stress alarm, resistance, exhaustion. 133. General Intelligencegeneral intelligence factor, according to Spearman, underlies specific mental abilities and is measured by every task on an intelligence test. 134. Generalizationtendency after response has been conditioned for similar stimuli to elicit similar responses. 135.Genomethe complete instructions for making an organism. 136. Gestaultorganized whole tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes. 137. Glial Cellscells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons. 138. Glutamatea major excitatory neurotransmitter involved in memory. 139. Groupingperceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups based on proximity, similarity, continuity and connectedness. 140. Hallucinationsfalse sensory experiences. 141. Hallucinogensdrugs taht distort perception and evo ke sensory images in the absence of sensory input. 142.Health Psychologysub-field of psychology provides psychologys contribution to behavioral medicine. 143. Heritabilitythe proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. 144. heuristica simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make strategies and solve problems quickly. 145. Hierarchy of demandMazlows pyramid of human needs begins with physiological needs which must be met before higher goals can be attained. 146. Higher-Order Conditioningprocedure where conditioned stimulus in one experience is paired with a new, neutral stimulus, creating a new Conditioned Stimulus. 47. Hindsight Biasthe tendency to believe that, after learning the outcome, one would have foreseen it. 148. Hippocampusa neural center that is located in the limbic system and helps process explicit memories for storage. 149. Homeostasistendency to maintain a state of balance. 150. Hormoneschemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands. 151. Huethe dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of the light. 152. Humanistic Psychologyhistorically significant perspective that emphasized the growth latent of healthy people and the individuals potential for personal growth. 53. Hypothalamusa neural body complex body part lying below the thalamus it directs several maintenance activities, helps govern the endocrine system, and is linked to emotion and reward. 154. Hypothesisa testable prediction. 155. Iconic Memorya momentary sensory memory of a visual stimuli a photographic memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second. 156. Identical Twinstwins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits into two, creating two genetically identical organisms. 157. Illusory correlationthe perception of a relationship where none exists. 158.Implicit Memoryretention independent of conscious recollection stored in cerebellum. 159. Inattentional Blindnessfailing to see visible objects w hen our attention is directed elsewhere 160. Incentivea lordly or negative environmental stimulus. 161. Independent Variablethe data-based factor which is directly manipulated. 162. Industrial organisational Psychologyusing psychological concepts to optimize behavior in work places. 163. Information Processingtheory that dreams help us sort out the days events and consolidate our memories. 164. Infradian Rhythm long cycles/second greater than a day 65. Inner Earthe inner most part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs. 166. perceptivitysudden and novel realization of the solution to a problem. 167. Insomniarecurring problems in falling or staying asleep. 168. minda complex behavior rigidly patterned throughout the species and is unlearned. 169. Intensitythe amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we can perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the waves amplitude. 170. Interactionthe interplay that occurs when the effec t of one factor depends on another. 171.Interneuronsneurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and the motor outputs. 172. Intrinsic Motivationdesire to perform for its own sake. 173. Intuitioneffortless, immediate feeling or thought. 174. Irisa ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening. 175. James-Lange Theoryemotion is awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli. 176. Kinesthesissystem for sensing the position and movement of individual body movements. 77. latent Contentaccording to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream. 178. Latent Learninglearning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. 179. Law of EffectThorndikes principle that behavior followed by neighborly consequences become more likely and behaviors followed by negative consequences become less likely. 180. Lenst he transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina. 181. Lesiondestruction of the brain tissue. 182. Levels of Analysisthe differing antonymous views for analyzing any iven phenomenon. 183. Limbic Systemneural system located below the cerebral hemispheres associated with emotions and drives. 184. Lingusitic DeterminismWhorfs hypothesis that language determines the way we think. 185. Long-Term Memoryrelatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. 186. Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)increase in synapse-s firing potential after rapid stimulation the neural basis for learning and memory. 187. lysergic acid diethylamidea powerful hallucinogenic drug alsdo known as acid. 188. Lymphocytesthe two types of white blood cells that are part of the immune system. 189.Manifest Contentaccording to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream. 190. Meanthe arithmetic average of a distribution. 191. Medianthe middle score in a distributi on. 192. Medullathe base of the brainstem controls heartbeat and breathing. 193. Mental Agemeasure of test performance devised by Binet chronological age that typically correlates with a given age. 194. Mental Settendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often one that has been successful. 195. Methamphetaminea powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system and appears to drop base dopamine levels over time. 96. Middle Earthe domiciliate between the tympanic cavity and the cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochleas oval window. 197. Mirror Neurons anterior lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when performing another doing so this may enable personation or empathy. 198. Misinformation Effectincorporating misleading information into ones memory. 199. Mnemonicsmemory aids. 200. Modethe most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution. 201. Mode lingobserving and imitating a specific behavior. 202.Monocular Cuesdepth cues available to either eye alone. Includes relative height, relative size, interposition, linear perspective, light and shadow, and relative motion. 203. Mood Congruent Memorytendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current mood. 204. Morphemethe smallest unit that carries meaning. 205. Motivationa need or desire that energizes and directs behavior. 206. Motor Cortexan area at the rear if the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements. 207. Motor Neuronsneurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands. 208.MRIa technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. 209. funa random error in gene replication that leads to a change. 210. Myelin Sheatha layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons enables vastly greater transmission speed. 211. Narcolepsya sleep dis order characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times. 212. Natural Selectioninherited trait variations contributing to survival and reproduction provide be passed on to succeeding generations. 13. Naturalistic Observationobserving and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without toilsome to manipulate or control the situation. 214. Nature-Nurture issuecontroversy over contributions of genes vs. experience 215. Near-death Experiencean altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death often similar to drug-induced hallucinations. 216. negative Reinforcementincreasing behaviors by stopping a negative stimuli. 217. Neo-Freudian Theorytheory that dreams can be used as a coping mechanism to deal with past events. 218.Nervesbundled axons that form neural cables connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs. 219. Nervous systemthe bodys speedy, el ectrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems. 220. Neurogenesisthe formation of new neurons. 221. Neurona nerve cell the staple fiber building block of he nervous system. 222. Neurotransmitterschemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. 223. Night Terrorsa sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified. 24. Norepinephrineneurotransmitter that helps control wakefulness and arousal. 225. Normal Curvea symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data. 226. Observational Learninglearning by observing others. 227. Occipital Lobesportion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head includes areas that receive information from the visual fields 228. One-Word Stagefrom age 1 to 2 when a infant speaks in single words. 229. Operant BehaviorBehavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences. 230.Operant Ch ambera chamber / Skinner Box containing a bar that an animal can manipulate to obtain water or food. 231. Operant Conditioningtype of learning in which behavior is strengthened followed by a reinforcer or diminished followed by a punisher. 232. Operational Definitiona statement of the procedures used to define research variables. 233. Opiatesopium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. 234. Opponent-Process Theorythe theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. 35. Optic Nervethe nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain. 236. Organizational Psychologypart of IO Psychology examines psychological influences o worker satisfaction and productivity. 237. cocksurenesstendency to be more confident than correct. 238. Parallel Processingthe processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously. 239. Parapsychologystudy of paranormal phenom ena. 240. Parasympathetic Nervous Systemthe division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy. 241. Parathyroidshelp regulate the level of calcium in the blood 242.Parietal Lobesportion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top/rear of the head receives sensory input for touch and body position. 243. overtone/Intermittent ReinforcementReinforcing a response only part of the time. 244. Perceptionthe process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events. 245. Perceptual Adaptationin vision, the ability to adjust to an by artificial means displaced or inverted visual field. 246. Perceptual Setmental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another. 247.Peripheral Nervous Systemthe sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body. 248. Personnel Psychologyfocuses on recruitment, selection and placement of employees. 249. PET Scana visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task. 250. Phonemethe smallest distinctive sound unit. 251. Physical Dependencea physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued 252. Pitcha tones experienced highness or dispiritedness depends on frequency. 53. Pituitary Glandthe endocrine gland systems most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the hypophysis regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands. 254. Place Theoryin hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochleas membrane is steamy. 255. Placebo Effectexperimental results caused by expectation alone. 256. Plasticitythe brains ability to change, especially during clawhood, by reorganizing after damage of by building new pathways based on experience 257. Polygraphlie sensor machine measures responses to emotion. 58. Ponspart of the brainstem that helps coordinate movements. 259. Populationall the cases in a group being studied, from which samples can be drawn. 260. Positive Reinforcementincreasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli. 261. Posthypnotic Suggestiona suggestion, made during a hypnotic session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized. 262. prophetic Validitythe success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict. 263. Primary Reinforceran innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. 264.Primingthe activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing ones perception, memory, or response. 265. Pro-Social Behaviorpositive, constructive behavior. 266. Proactive Interferencethe disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information. 267. Problem-Focused Copingattempting to alleviate stress by changing the stressor or how we interact with that stressor. 268. Prototypea mental image or best example of a categor y. 269. Pshchological Dependencea psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions. 270.Psychiatrya branch of medicine traffic with psychological disorders. 271. Psychoactive Druga chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods. 272. Psychodynamic Perspectivehow behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts 273. Psychologythe study of behavior and mental processes. 274. Psychoneuroeimmunologystudy of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes affect the immune system. 275. Psychophysicsthe study of relationships between the corporeal characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them. 276.Psychophysiological Illnessmind-body illness any stress-related physical illness, including hypertension. 277. Pupilthe adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters. 278. Random Assignmentassigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing pre- living differences between the two groups. 279. Random Samplea sample that fairly represents a given population. 280. RangeThe difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution. 281. Recallmeasure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier. 82. acknowledgementmeasure of memory in which the person only identifies items previously learned. 283. Reflexa simple, autonomic response to a sensory stimulus. 284. Rehearsalconscious repetition of information, either for maintenance or encoding. 285. Reinforceran event that strengthens behavior. 286. Relative Deprivationperception that one is worse off relative to those you compare yourself to. 287. Relearninga measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time. 288. Reliabilityextent to which a test yields consistent results. 89. REM Reboundthe tendency for REM sleep to increase future(a) REM sleep deprivation. 290. REM sleeprapid eye movement sleep, a rec urring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. 291. Replicationrepeating the essence of a research study to see whether the basic findings extend to other participants and circumstances. 292. Representativeness Heuristicjudging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they take care to represent particular prototypes. 293. Respondent Behavioroccurs as automatic response to some stimulus. 294.Reticular governancea nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal. 295. Retinathe photosensitive inner surface of the eye. 296. Retinal Disparitya binocular cue for perceiving depth by comparison the images of the retinas from the two eyes. 297. Retrievalprocess of getting information out of storage. 298. Retroactive Interferencethe disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information. 299. Reuptakea neurotransmitters reabsorption by the direct neuron. 300. Rodsretinal receptors that detect black, white and gray. 301.Sav ant Syndromecondition in which a person is limited in mental ability but has exceptional specific skill. 302. Scatterplotsa graphed cluster of dots, the slope of which helps predict the bearing of the relationship between the two variables. 303. Selective Attentionthe focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimuli 304. Semantic Encodingencoding of meaning. 305. Semanticsset of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words and sentences. 306. mavinthe process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment. 07. Sensorineural Hearing Losshearing loss caused by damage to the cochleas receptor cells or to the auditory nerves. Also called nerve deafness. 308. Sensory Adaptationdiminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation. 309. Sensory Cortexarea at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations. 310. Sensory Interactionprinciple that one s ense may influence another smell of food influences its taste. 311. Sensory Memoryimmediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory. 12. Sensory Neuronsneurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord. 313. Serial Position Effectthe tendency to recall best the last and commencement items in a list. 314. Serotoninneurotransmitter that affects mood, hunger, sleep and arousal. 315. Set Pointthe point where someones weight thermostat. 316. Shapingan operative conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior closer and closer to the desired behavior. 317. Short-Term Memoryactivated memory that holds a few items briefly. 318.Sigmund FreudAustrian neurologists who founded psychoanalysis. 319. Signal Detection Theorya theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background noise. Assumes there is no single dogmatic threshold and that detection depends partly on a persons experience, expectations, motivation and level of fatigue. 320. Sleep Apneaa sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings. 321. Social Leadershipgroup oriented leadership that builds teamwork and offers support. 322.Social Learning Theorythe theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded and punished. 323. Social-cultural Perspectivehow behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures 324. Somatic Nervous Systemthe division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the bodys skeletal muscles. 325. Source Amnesiaattributing the wrong line to an event we have experienced at the heart of many false memories. 326. Spacing Effecttendency for distributed study or practice to yield better retention that massed study or practice. 327.Split thoughta condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brains two hemispheres by cutting the fibers connecting them. 328. Spon taneous RecoveryReappearance after a pause of an extinguished CR. 329. Standard Deviationa computed measure of how much the scores vary around the mean score. 330. Stanford-Binetwidely used American revision of Binets original intelligence test. 331. Statistical entailmenta statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance. 332. Stereotype Threatself-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on negative stereotypes. 333.Stimulantsdrugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions. 334. Storageretention of encoded information. 335. Stresshow we perceive and respond to stressors that we appraise as threatening or challenging. 336. Structuralisman early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind. 337. coordinate Interviewsasking the same questions of all applicants and rating on the standard scale. 338. Subjective Well-Beingself-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. 339. Subliminalbelow ones absolute threshold for conscious awareness. 340.Surveya technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes of behaviors of a group. 341. Sympathetic Nervous Systemthe division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in trying situations. 342. Synapsethe junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. 343. phrase structurerules for combining words into sensible sentences. 344. Task Leadershipgoal oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes leadership and focuses on goals. 345. Telegraphic Speechearly speech stage where child speaks like a telegram uses nouns and verbs. 46. impermanent Lobesportion of the cerebral cortex lying above the ears receives auditory information 347. Testosteronethe most important of male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty. 348. Thalamusthe brains sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem. 349. tetrahydrocannabinolthe major active ingredient in marijuana triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations. 350.Theoryan interpretation that organizes behavior and predicts future outcomes. 351. Thresholdthe level of stimulation necessary to trigger a neural impulse. 352. thyroid gland Glandaffects metabolism, among other things 353. Tolerancethe diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses of the drug before experiencing the drugs effects. 354. Top-Down Processinginformation processing guided by higher level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations. 55. Transductionconversion of one form of energy into another. 356. Two_Word Stagebeginning at age 2 child speaks in 2 word statements. 357. Tw o-Factor Theorycalled Schachter-Singer Theory to experience emotion, one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal. 358. Type Acompetitive, hard-driving, impatient. 359. Type Beasy-going, relaxed people. 360. Ultradian Rhythmshort-term cycle less than a day 361. interminable Responsethe unlearned naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus. 362.Unconditioned Stimulusa stimulus that unconditionally triggers a response. 363. Validityextent to which a test measures what its sibylline to measure. 364. Variable-Interval Schedulereinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after random number of responses. 365. Variable-Ratio Schedulereinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. 366. Vestibular Sensesense of body movement and position including balance. 367. Visual Clifflab device for testing depth perception in infants and juvenile animals. 368.Visual Encodingencoding of picture images. 369. Watson and Raynerfamous for their Little Albert experiment. 370. Wavelengththe distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. 371. Webers Lawthe principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage. 372. Wechsler Adult Intelligence homemost widely used intelligence test contains verbal and non-verbal sub-tests. 373. Wernickes Areacontrols language reception a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression in left lay lobe. 74. Wilhelm Wundtknown as father of experimental psychology established the first psychology laboratory. 375. Withdrawalthe vexation and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug. 376. Working Memorya newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual spatial information and of information retrieved from long-term memory. 377. X-Chromosomethe sex chromosome found in both men and women. 378. Y-Chromosomethe sex chromosome found only in men. 379.Young-Helmholtz coloured Theorythe theory that the retina contains three different color receptors red, green and blue. absolute threshold The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time. 2. accommodation The process by which the eyes lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina. 3. accommodations Adapting ones current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information. 4. acetylcholine A neurotransmitter that, among its functions, triggers muscle contraction. 5. acoustic encoding The encoding of sounds, especially the sound of words. . acquisition The initial stage in classical conditioning the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response. 7. action potential A neural impulse a brief electrical charge that tra vels down an axon. The action potential is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of carry in the axons membrane. 8. activation synthesis hypothesis Theory to describe dreaming that explains dreaming as being random neural activity hat the brain tries to make sense of. 9. acuity The Sharpness of vision. 10. addictions colony to drugs comes about from potentially one use of the substance were the body can build up colony to the substance. 11. adolescence The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence. 12. adrenal glands A pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys. The adrenals secrete the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (nonadrenaline), which help to arouse the body in times of stress. 13. ll or nil law Increasing the stimulus above the threshold will not increase the action potential intensity. The neurons action is an all or nothing response it either will fire or it will not. The str ength of the stimulus does not effect action potentials speed. 14. alpha waves The relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state. 15. alzheimers disease A progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual admixture of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally physical functioning. 16. amnesia The loss of memory 17. mygdala Two almond-shaped neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion. 18. assimilation Interpreting ones new experience in terms of ones existing schemas. 19. association areas Areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking. 20. associative learning Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning). 1. attachment An emotional tie with anothe r person shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation. 22. audition The sense of hearing 23. automatic nervous system The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses its parasympathetic division calms. 24. automatic processing Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings. 25. xon The extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands. 26. barbiturates Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, trim anxiety but impairing memory and judgement. 27. basiler membranewithin the cochlea of the inner ear is a stiff structural element that separates two liquid-filled tubes that run along the coil of the cochlea, the scala media and the scala tympani. 28. behavioral genetics The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior. 29.Behavioral Psychologya branch of psychology that focuses on how we learn from observable responses. An individuals response to different environment stimuli shapes our behaviors. 30. BehaviorismThe view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree that psychology should be an objective science but do not think that it should be without reference to mental processes. 31. behaviorism The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes.For example, intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures. 193. opiates Opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. 194. opponent- process theory The theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green 195. optic nerve The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain. 96. parallel processing The processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously the brains natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the little by little (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving. 197. parallel processing The processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously the brains natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscience problem solving. 198.Parasympathetic nervous system The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving i ts energy. 199. parietal lobes The portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear includes the sensory cortex. 200. Peripheral nervous system The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body. 201. PET A visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task. 202. Phenotype An organisms physical characteristics is its phenotype.